Hadi Imani Rastabi; Kaveh Khazaeel; Hadi Naddaf; Razieh Masroor
Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2022, , Pages 363-369
Abstract
The Objective of the present study was to evaluate paravertebral brachial plexus block in sheep. A group of 13 healthy sheep with 20.10 ± 2.20 kg weight and five months of age were used. In phase I, in five sheep, an insulated needle attached to a nerve stimulator was directed to the location ...
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The Objective of the present study was to evaluate paravertebral brachial plexus block in sheep. A group of 13 healthy sheep with 20.10 ± 2.20 kg weight and five months of age were used. In phase I, in five sheep, an insulated needle attached to a nerve stimulator was directed to the location of C6, C7, C8 and T1 nerves and a 1.50 mL of a solution containing 1:1 methylene blue 1.00% and lidocaine 1.00% was injected at each site. Then, the cervical and thoracic areas were dissected and assessed in the cadavers. In phase II, cervical paravertebral block with 2.00% lidocaine and subsequent assessments were done in eight live sheep. Cadaveric evaluations revealed dye spread in C6 to T1 nerves: 61.75 ± 5.50, 72.75 ± 9.18, 40.75 ± 2.99 and 18.75 ± 3.30 mm, respectively. In three sheep, dye distribution in the anterior mediastinum was observed. In phase II, the onsets of anesthesia were determined within 10 and 15 min for sensory and motor blocks, respectively. Anesthesia at axillary, musculocutaneous, radial and ulnar skin sites and motor block lasted for 67.50 ± 15.80, 63.70 ± 16.00, 55.00 ± 21.70, 56.70 ± 19.70 and 76.40 ± 24.30 min, respectively. In three sheep, no anesthesia was observed for radial and ulnar skin sites. In conclusion, paravertebral brachial plexus block in sheep provided an acceptable block for the upper parts of the elbow joint, however, it was not effective and reliable for more distal structures.
Safoura Ghadirian; Nasser Vesal
Volume 4, Issue 3 , September 2013, , Pages 161-167
Abstract
This blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (BPB) in sheep. Nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine ...
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This blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (BPB) in sheep. Nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine 2%, 5 mg kg-1 (LID, n = 6), lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with epinephrine 5 µg mL-1 (LIDEP, n = 6) or lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1 (LIDXY, n = 6). Each animal was tested twice. The sheep received a total volume of 0.25 mL kg-1 for BPB. A nerve stimulator was used to locate the nerves of the brachial plexus. Onset and duration of analgesia of the forelimb were evaluated using superficial and deep pin prick and pinching of skin with a hemostat clamp. Heart and respiratory rates, and rectal temperature were recorded before and at predetermined intervals following the completion of the block. Brachial administration of LID, LIDEP or LIDXY produced forelimb analgesia within 11.3, 11.0 and 7.0 minutes, respectively. The mean duration of analgesia was 100.0 min in LID and 133.2 min in LIDEP group. The mean duration of analgesia in LIDXY group (186.8 min) was significantly longer compared with LID group. In LIDEP group a significant increase in heart rate occurred 5 min after drug administration. Heart rate decreased from 35 to 80 minin sheep received LIDXY. In conclusion, the addition of xylazine to lidocaine solution for BBP provided a prolonged duration of action without any adverse effects in fat-tailed sheep.
Small Animal Surgery
Amin Bigham-Sadegh; Mohammad Shadkhast; Zahra Shafiei Shafiei; Bizhan Ziae
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2010, , Pages 21-25
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether anesthesia consisting of sedation induced by intramuscular administration of xylazine-diazepam and lumbosacral analgesia induced by epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine is satisfactory for castration and ovariohysterectomy in cats. Six adult ...
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The aim of this study was to determine whether anesthesia consisting of sedation induced by intramuscular administration of xylazine-diazepam and lumbosacral analgesia induced by epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine is satisfactory for castration and ovariohysterectomy in cats. Six adult (3 male and 3 female, 2.5 ± 0.5 years of age) cats (mean body weight ± SD, 2.2 ± 0.44 kg) were used in this study. Cats were sedated with xylazine (1-2 mg kg-1 IM) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg-1, IM) and 5 minutes later a 2% solution of lidocaine (0.5ml/4.5kg) and xylazine (1 mg kg-1) were administered into the lumbosacral epidural space. Open castration technique or ventral midline routine ovariohysterectomy were performed. Time to onset, duration and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded at time 0 (prior to epidural drugs administration) as a base line values and at 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the epidural administration. Onset time of analgesia was 4.0 ± 0.63 min (Mean ± SEM) and duration of analgesia was 89.5 ± 3.0 min (Mean ± SEM). However, surgical procedures were completed within 25-37 min. There were significant decrease in heart rate and rectal temperature values and significant increase in respiratory rate (P < 0.001). Intramuscular administration of xylazine-diazepam for sedation and epidural administration of lidocaine and xylazine for analgesia provided satisfactory analgesia for castration and ovariohysterectomy in cats. Utilizing epidural anesthetic technique with this combination is most useful for spaying surgery, especially when the surgical procedure can be completed in < 40 minutes.
