Microbiology
Anita Dalal; Naresh Kumar Kakker; Deepika Chaudhary; Aman Kumar; Narender Singh Maan; Sushila Maan
Volume 14, Issue 12 , December 2023, , Pages 635-641
Abstract
World Organization for Animal Health has listed bluetongue (BT) under notifiable diseases. The BT is an arboviral infectious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). Southern states of India had remained the point of attention for BT since first presence in 1964 in ...
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World Organization for Animal Health has listed bluetongue (BT) under notifiable diseases. The BT is an arboviral infectious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). Southern states of India had remained the point of attention for BT since first presence in 1964 in Maharashtra. Recently, northern states of India have also been reported positive for BTV in small ruminants. The present study reported the dual infection of BTV serotypes, BTV-12 and -16 in sheep population from Sirsa district of Haryana in the year 2016. After detection and serotyping with Seg-2 specific real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the Seg-2 and Seg-6 of BTV were PCR amplified and sequenced. On phylogenetic analysis it was detected to be clustered in nucleotype G and nucleotype B specific for BTV-12 and BTV-16, respectively. This was the first report of BTV-16 from Haryana. The results signified the co-infection of two different serotypes in an animal from a single outbreak.
Anesthesiology
Farshid Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei; Siamak Asri-Rezaei; Mojtaba Hadian; Rahim Mohammadi; Maryam Asfari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2010, , Pages 7-11
Abstract
Rabbits are widely used as laboratory animals for experimental surgery. Anesthesia of rabbits may present complications unless the method is easy to apply and safe to use. In present study, effects of different dosages of vitamin C on thiopental sodium induced anesthesia in 25 male New Zealand white ...
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Rabbits are widely used as laboratory animals for experimental surgery. Anesthesia of rabbits may present complications unless the method is easy to apply and safe to use. In present study, effects of different dosages of vitamin C on thiopental sodium induced anesthesia in 25 male New Zealand white rabbits were studied. In the animals that had not received vitamin C treatment before thiopental sodium induced general anesthesia, return mean time of front limb pedal, corneal and ear pinch reflexes were 6.40 ± 1.67, 6.60 ± 2.96 and 8.00 ± 2.58 minutes, respectively. Pre-treatment of rabbits with 30 and 240 mg kg-1 (IV) of vitamin C followed by thiopental sodium 20 mg kg-1 (IV) resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in front limb pedal reflex return mean time to 13.00 ± 2.24 and ear pinch to 11.60 ± 4.16 minutes, respectively. There was also significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the heart rate following induction of anesthesia in the animals pre-treated with 30 and 90 mg kg-1 (IV) vitamin C and no change in the animals pre-treated with 240 mg kg-1 (IV) vitamin C. Serum analysis indicated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in blood glucose. These results suggest that premedication of rabbits with vitamin C despite potentiating of thiopental sodium anesthesia in rabbits is not dose dependent.
Amir Khaki; Rooz Ali Batavani; Gholamreza Najafi
Volume 4, Issue 1 , March 2013, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the probable effects of leptin addition in different levels to the semen extender on sperm quality (motility and motility parameters, viability, sperm membrane integrity, and DNA damage). Semen specimens were evaluated immediately after leptin addition, equilibration ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the probable effects of leptin addition in different levels to the semen extender on sperm quality (motility and motility parameters, viability, sperm membrane integrity, and DNA damage). Semen specimens were evaluated immediately after leptin addition, equilibration time and after thawing the frozen semen. Five healthy buffalo bulls (5 ejaculates from each bull) were used. Each ejaculate was diluted at 37 ˚C with tris-based extender containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 ng mL-1 leptin. The diluted semen was kept 4 hr in refrigerator to reach to the equilibration time and then packed in 0.5 mL French straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Our results showed that, in the fresh semen, no significant difference was observed in all sperm quality parameters evaluated among all of the examined leptin concentrations. Addition of 10 ng mL-1 leptin into semen extender significantly preserved sperm motility, all of the motility parameters, and viability in equilibrated semen compared to that of control group. However, in vitro addition of 200 ng mL-1 leptin, significantly decreased theses parameters. In the frozen thawed semen, all leptin concentrations decreased sperm motility and viability, but significant decrease was observed in concentrations of 100 and 200 ng mL-1. Adding leptin to semen extender did not have any significant influence on sperm DNA damage and sperm membrane integrity in all examined groups. These findings suggest that in vitro addition of 10 ng mL-1 leptin could preserve sperm motility and viability in cooled semen of buffaloes.
Shahram Javadi; Siamak Asri-Rezaei; Maryam Allahverdizadeh
Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2014, , Pages 7-11
Abstract
Measurement of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are used as indicators of glomerular filtration rate. The increased levels of these biomarkers are usually detectable at advanced stages of kidney complications. The aim of this study was to find the interrelationship of beta-2 microglobulin ...
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Measurement of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are used as indicators of glomerular filtration rate. The increased levels of these biomarkers are usually detectable at advanced stages of kidney complications. The aim of this study was to find the interrelationship of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), BUN and Cr in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rabbits. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 65 mg kg-1 of STZ in rabbits. The levels of serum insulin, glucose and three above mentioned biomarkers were measured one day before (day -1) and on days 1-3 after injection of STZ and continued weekly to the end of the experiment (12 weeks). A statistically significant increase of serum β2M, BUN, Cr and glucose levels, and a significant decrease of insulin levels were observed in diabetic animals. However, β2M levels increased as early as one day after STZ injection compared to Cr and BUN that elevated at day two, suggesting a probable diagnostic advantage of β2M over currently used biomarkers in diabetic related kidney complications.
Microbiology
Mojtaba Raeisi; Hossein Tajik; Seyed Mehdi Razavi Rohani; Bektas Tepe; Hossein Kiani; Rahem Khoshbakht; Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski; Hamed Tadrisi
Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2016, , Pages 7-11
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the major causes of infections in developing countries. In this study, chemical composition and anti-listerial effect of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. alone and in combination with monolaurin were evaluated at different pH values (5, 6, and 7) and temperatures ...
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Listeria monocytogenes is one of the major causes of infections in developing countries. In this study, chemical composition and anti-listerial effect of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. alone and in combination with monolaurin were evaluated at different pH values (5, 6, and 7) and temperatures (5 ˚C and 30 ˚C). Chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil and monolaurin were determined using microbroth dilution method and the interactions of essential oil and monolaurinwere determined by the evaluation of fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) index.Carvacrol (63.20%) and thymol (15.10%) were found as the main components of the essential oil. The MIC values of the oil and monolaurin at pH 7 and 30 ˚C were measured as 312.50 µg mL-1 and 125.00 µg mL-1, respectively. Combination of monolaurin and Z. multiflora essential oil were found to act synergistically (FIC index < 0.5) against L. monocytogenes under different pH and temperature conditions. Decrease in the pH and temperature values have increased the anti-listerial activity of monolaurin and the essential oil. The lowest MIC value of monolaurin and essential oil was observed at pH 5 and 5 ˚C. According to our results, the oil alone or in combination with monolaurin at low pH and temperature conditions showed a promising inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes.
Stem Cells
Vahid Akbarinejad; Parviz Tajik; Mansoureh Movahedin; Reza Youssefi
Volume 8, Issue 1 , March 2017, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
Testosterone is believed to play a significant role in spermatogenesis, but its contribution to the process of spermatogenesis is not completely understood. Given that extracellular matrix (ECM) facilitates differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) during culture, the present study was conducted ...
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Testosterone is believed to play a significant role in spermatogenesis, but its contribution to the process of spermatogenesis is not completely understood. Given that extracellular matrix (ECM) facilitates differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) during culture, the present study was conducted to elucidate whether testosterone contribute to the permissive effect of ECM on SSCs differentiation. In experiment 1, testosterone production was measured in testicular cells cultured for 12 days on ECM or plastic (control). In experiment 2, testosterone production was assessed in testicular cells cultured on ECM or plastic (control) and exposed to different concentrations of hCG. In experiment 3, the gene expression of factors involved in testosterone production was analyzed. Testosterone concentration was lower in ECM than in the control group in experiment 1 (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, testosterone concentration was increased in response to hCG in both groups but cells cultured on ECM were more responsive to hCG than those cultured on plastic (p < 0.05). In the experiment 3, qRT-PCR revealed the inhibitory effect of ECM on the gene expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the expression of LH receptor was greater in ECM-exposed than in unexposed cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study showed that inhibiting the expression of StAR, ECM could lower testosterone production by Leydig cells during in vitro culture. In addition, the results indicated that ECM could augment the responsiveness of Leydig cells to hCG through stimulating the expression of LH receptor.
Immunology
Seyedeh Missagh Jalali; Masood Ghorbanpour; Mohammad Razi Jalali; Aria Rasooli; Pegah Safaie; Farideh Norvej; Imaneh Delavari
Volume 9, Issue 1 , March 2018, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence and potential causative factors of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in native cattle and water buffaloes from southwest of Iran. Fifty-three anemic animals (37 cattle and 16 buffaloes) were studied. A full clinical history and ...
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The main objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence and potential causative factors of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in native cattle and water buffaloes from southwest of Iran. Fifty-three anemic animals (37 cattle and 16 buffaloes) were studied. A full clinical history and physical examinations were undertaken for all animals. Four clinically healthy cattle and four healthy buffaloes were also used as control animals. Blood samples were subjected to a complete blood count, Coombs’ test, erythrocyte osmotic fragility test and serum biochemical analysis. IMHA was diagnosed in 12 (32.43%) cattle and 6 (37.50%) buffaloes based on the Coombs’ test. Underlying or concurrent diseases, including theileriosis, anaplasmosis, vaccination, and pneumonia were detected in 11 cattle and four buffaloes. Primary or idiopathic IMHA was identified in one cattle and two buffaloes that their Coombs’ test was positive. Hematologic and biochemical findings in the cattle with IMHA included a nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased osmotic fragility, hyperbilirubinemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. It can be concluded that IMHA occurs in a significant proportion of anemic cattle and river buffaloes in southwest of Iran. The occurrence of IMHA in both cattle and buffaloes is mostly secondary to infectious diseases especially theileriosis and anaplasmosis. Clarification of the mechanisms of primary or idiopathic and secondary IMHA in cattle and buffaloes require further studies.
Zahra Bakhtiary; Rasoul Shahrooz; Abbas Ahmadi; Farhad Soltanalinejad
Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to address the use of ethyl pyruvate (EP) against the harmful effects of cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment. Thirty-nine adult male mice were divided into three groups including control group received normal saline [0.20 mL per day; intraperitoneally (IP)], CP group received ...
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In the present study, we aimed to address the use of ethyl pyruvate (EP) against the harmful effects of cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment. Thirty-nine adult male mice were divided into three groups including control group received normal saline [0.20 mL per day; intraperitoneally (IP)], CP group received CP (15.00 mg kg-1 per week, IP) and CP+EP group received EP (40.00 mg kg-1 per day, IP) along with CP and treated for 35 days. After preparation of paraffin sections and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, the histomorphometric studies were performed on the testicular tissue. Additionally, the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and testosterone level, testis malondialdehyde (MDA) and in vitro fertilization rate were assessed. The results showed an increase in the tubal differentiation index, repopulation index, spermiogenesis index, thickness of testicular capsule, mean distribution of active Sertoli cells, SOD and testosterone levels of the CP+EP group in comparison with the CP group. Moreover, the MDA levels in the CP+EP group were lower than the CP group. An increase occurred in the percentage of fertilization in the CP+EP group compared to the CP group. Results of this study revealed that the EP ameliorates deleterious side effects of CP on testicular histology and in vitro fertility.
Rita Ifeoma Odo; Chukwuka Nwocha Uchendu; Somtoo Ethelbert Okeke
Volume 12, Issue 1 , March 2021, , Pages 7-13
Abstract
The study was done to ascertain the protective potentials of ethanol seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on aluminum chloride-induced reproductive and hematological toxicities. Thirty mature male rats were used for the study. They were assigned into five groups (n=6). Group1was treated daily with aluminum ...
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The study was done to ascertain the protective potentials of ethanol seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on aluminum chloride-induced reproductive and hematological toxicities. Thirty mature male rats were used for the study. They were assigned into five groups (n=6). Group1was treated daily with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) per os for 8 weeks. Group 2 was treated with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) and C. lanatus seed extract (CLSE) 200 mg kg-1 per os simultaneously for 8 weeks. Group 3 was served as a normal control and given distilled water as a placebo per os daily for 8 weeks. Group 4 was only treated with CLSE (200mg kg-1) for eight weeks. Group 5 was only treated with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) per os for 8 weeks and then treated with CLSE (200 mg kg-1) per os for another 4 weeks. Testosterone level, testicular weight, sperm motility, gonadal sperm, and extragonadal sperm reserves showed significant increases in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 5. Optimum histoarchitectural protection of the seminiferous tubules was observed in group 2, which did not differ from normal ones. For the hematological parameters, optimum protection was also observed in group 2 compared to other groups. From the results, ethanol seed extract of C. lanatus demonstrated protective potentials against aluminum's harmful effects on the male reproductive system and hematology in an experimental male rat model.
Poultry
Lucai Wang; Lijia Liu; Huanrong Zhang
Volume 15, Issue 1 , January 2024, , Pages 7-12
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae, which causes the disease known as chicken synovitis, causes serious immunosuppression. We developed a rapid insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR) assay for on-site detection of M. synoviae using a primer and probe set targeting the variable lipoprotein and haemagglutinin ...
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Mycoplasma synoviae, which causes the disease known as chicken synovitis, causes serious immunosuppression. We developed a rapid insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR) assay for on-site detection of M. synoviae using a primer and probe set targeting the variable lipoprotein and haemagglutinin (vlhA) gene. In addition, the specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and clinical detection of this method were evaluated. Our iiPCR assay detected M. synoviae clinical isolates and samples successfully and produced negative results on Mycoplasma galliscepticum, avian viral arthritis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium, indicating that the PCR reactions were specific. Additionally, our iiPCR assay detected the prepared positive standard plasmid diluted 10 times (1.00 × 10-1 - 1.00 × 10-10) as a template. The undiluted positive plasmid was positive and double distilled water was negative indicating that the PCR reactions were sensitive, respectively. Finally, the vlhA positive standard plasmid with dilution multiple of 1.00 × 10-4 - 1.00 × 10-6 was repeatedly detected three times to evaluate the repeatability of the iiPCR method established in this experiment showing that the iiPCR of M. synoviae is repeatable. The established iiPCR was also used to detect 50 chicken joint enlargement samples. The thermostatic detection PCR established in this experiment was comparable to a reference real-time PCR (qPCR).
Hassan Malekinejad; Nazli Alizadeh-Tabrizi; Araz Ostadi; Johanna Fink-Gremmels
Volume 6, Issue 1 , March 2015, , Pages 9-15
Abstract
The pathogenesis of equine grass sickness (EGS) has not fully understood. A better understanding of the exact pathogenesis of diseases can help to make an accurate diagnosis. Previous studies reported some pathological damage of neuronal cells in EGS patients. In this study, primarily cytotoxicity of ...
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The pathogenesis of equine grass sickness (EGS) has not fully understood. A better understanding of the exact pathogenesis of diseases can help to make an accurate diagnosis. Previous studies reported some pathological damage of neuronal cells in EGS patients. In this study, primarily cytotoxicity of serum from three clinically EGS-diagnosed horses on PC12 Tet-off (PTO) cells was assessed. Subsequently, the apoptotic tests including cytochrome C release, caspase-3/7 activity measurement and DNA fragmentation assay were conducted to clarify the apoptotic effect of serum from EGS patients. Addition of serum from EGS patients at concentrations higher than 25% on PTO cells resulted in a significant cytotoxicity in Alamar blue reduction assay compared with serum from healthy horses. All three apoptotic endpoints showed that the serum from EGS patients does have capability to induce apoptosis. A remarkable up regulation of cytochrome C release accompanied with concentration- and time-dependent augmentation in caspase-3/7 activity and ultimately DNA fragmentation were observed. Our data suggest that serum from EGS patients might have potentially neurotoxic compounds, which exerts cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on neuronal cells. Moreover, the EGS serum-induced apoptosis attributes to augmentation of cytochrome C release and caspase-3/7 activity.
Histology
Mohammad Hamed Shahsavari; Gholamali Moghaddam; Hossein Daghigh Kia; Ana Paula Ribeiro Rodrigues
Volume 10, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 9-16
Abstract
Previous studies have reported many discrepancies about the best type and concentration of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and biological variability among various pre-antral follicle classes after cryopreservation of ovarian tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of some synthetic ...
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Previous studies have reported many discrepancies about the best type and concentration of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and biological variability among various pre-antral follicle classes after cryopreservation of ovarian tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of some synthetic polymers on histological characteristics of different types of pre-antral follicles after bovine ovarian tissue vitrification. From each bovine ovarian pair, fragments were recovered and immediately fixed for analysis (fresh control group) or submitted to vitrification (sucrose, X-1000, Z-1000 and polyvinylpyrrolidone groups), either followed by in vitro culture for 1 or 5 days. In this case, although, the addition of X-1000 resulted in greater percentages of normal follicles for almost all pre-antral follicle classes compared to those of other groups, there are some exceptions. These results indicate that the inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the freezing media can improve the morphology of the post-warmed transitional follicles and cultured primordial follicles on day five more than other CPAs. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that although ovarian tissue cryopreservation is often performed to preserve the primordial follicles, by choosing the best combination of permeating and non-permeating CPAs (synthetic polymers), more advanced stages of bovine pre-antral follicles, transitional, primary and secondary follicles, may also survive the cryopreservation process.
Davoud Kianifard; Rajab-Ali Sadrkhanlou; Shapour Hasanzadeh
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 13-24
Abstract
In this investigation, diabetes was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 45 mg kg-1 of body weight. A group comprised of 8 diabetic rats was treated with metformin at 100 mg kg-1 of body weight for reducing the elevated blood glucose ...
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In this investigation, diabetes was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 45 mg kg-1 of body weight. A group comprised of 8 diabetic rats was treated with metformin at 100 mg kg-1 of body weight for reducing the elevated blood glucose level. The results revealed that, in the untreated diabetic rats, the body and testicular weight reduced in comparison with the control rats (P < 0.05) , the metformin treated diabetic rats showed body weight loss in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). In the untreated diabetic rats, the blood glucose level significantly increased in comparison with control and metformin treated diabetic rats. Histomorphological examinations revealed a reduction in testicular capsule diameter, seminiferous tubules (STs) and germinal epithelium height, increase of amorphous material of interstitial tissue, germ cell depletion, decrease in cellular population and activity and disruption of spermatogenesis in the untreated diabetic rats in comparison with control group. In metformin treated diabetic rats, the histomorphological alterations were seen in lesser part in comparison with untreated diabetic group. The results from this study proved that, there was a direct relationship between increased levels of blood glucose as a result of STZ-induced diabetes and the histomorphological changes of testicular tissue.
Ebrahim Rahimi; Hamid Reza Kazemeini; Mohammad Salajegheh
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2012, , Pages 13-17
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of the O157:H7 serotype is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7/NM in raw meat samples from two provinces of Iran. ...
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of the O157:H7 serotype is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7/NM in raw meat samples from two provinces of Iran. During a period from March 2010 to March 2011. Two hundred and ninety five raw meat samples were collected from beef (n= 85), camel, (n= 50), sheep (n= 62), goat (n= 60), and water buffalo (n=38). Fourteen (4.7%) of the 295 samples were positive for E. coli O157. The highest prevalence of E. coli O157 was found in beef samples (8.2%), followed by water buffalo (5.3%), sheep (4.8%), camel (2.0%), and goat (1.7%). Of fourteen E. coli O157 isolates, only one was determined to be serotype O157: H7 while 13 were determined as serotype O157: NM. Of the 14 E. coli O157:H7/NM isolates, one, four, two, and one strains were positive for stx1, stx2, eaeA and ehlyA genes, respectively. The prevalence of this organism varied between seasons with the highest prevalence of E. coli O157 occurring in summer (9.3%). The results of this study showed that beef and water buffalo meat are a significant source for human EHEC E. coli O157:H7/NM infection in Iran. The data reported in this study provides some useful baseline in formation for future research such as molecular or epidemiologic works.
Hulya Balkaya; Zekeriya Ozudogru; Dervis Ozdemir; Bumin Emre Teke; Hulya Kara
Volume 14, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 65-69
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine and compare the macro-anatomical structures and configurations of plexus sacralis in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds. For this purpose, 18 sheep (eight female Hasmer sheep, three male Hasak sheep and seven female Hasak sheep) were assessed. After induction of anesthesia, ...
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The aim of this study was to examine and compare the macro-anatomical structures and configurations of plexus sacralis in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds. For this purpose, 18 sheep (eight female Hasmer sheep, three male Hasak sheep and seven female Hasak sheep) were assessed. After induction of anesthesia, the body cavities were opened. The sheep were fixed with formaldehyde after draining of the blood. The nerves of the plexus sacralis were dissected separately and photographed. Both in Hasmer and Hasak sheep breeds, the plexus sacralis was a large anastomotic complex of nerves which gave rise to nerves distributed to pelvic cavity and pelvic limb. It was derived from the ventral branches of the six spinal segments. It was observed that this plexus was formed by the ventral rami of four (first to fourth) sacral spinal nerves as well as ventral ramus of the sixth and fifth lumbar nerves. The results of this study are believed to be improved further with the future morphometric studies and to make a contribution to future anatomical and surgical studies in this area.
Raheleh Majdani; Karim Mardani; Ahmad Morshedi; Mehdi Vasfi Marandi; Alireza Talebi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , September 2010, , Pages 73-81
Abstract
Rapid detection and differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) involved in the disease outbreak is very important for controlling disease and developing new vaccines. In the present study, three regions of the genome of IBV vaccine and field isolates including S1 gene, gene 3 and nucleocapsid ...
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Rapid detection and differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) involved in the disease outbreak is very important for controlling disease and developing new vaccines. In the present study, three regions of the genome of IBV vaccine and field isolates including S1 gene, gene 3 and nucleocapsid (N) gene along with 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) were amplified and subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using three different endonucleases. Amplicons from S1 gene and N-3’UTR generated four RFLP patterns, grouping IBV strains into four similar groups, while amplicons of gene 3 generated three RFLP patterns classifying examined IBVs in different groups from those of S1 and N-3' UTR. 4/91 strain and MNS-7862-1field isolate both belong to 793/B serotype were differentiated from each other based on gene 3, N-3’UTR and S1gene. IBVs belonged to different serotypes showed different RFLP patterns based on RFLP patterns of all three regions. S1 gene and N-3’UTR RFLP analysis differentiated IB88, MNS-7862-1 and 4/91 from each other. This is the first report on the molecular analysis of the gene 3 for IBV strain differentiation. Our results revealed that RFLP analysis of N-3’UTR and S1 gene had the higher discriminatory power than gene 3. None of the RFLP patterns of different regions differentiated 4/91 vaccine strain from its field isolate.
Sanaz Sheikhzadeh; Hassan Malekinejad; Rahim Hobbenaghi
Volume 4, Issue 2 , June 2013, , Pages 77-83
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunosuppressive agent is used to prevent graft rejection. One of the adverse effects of long time administration of MMF is the gastrointestinal disorder. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of silymarin (SMN) on MMF-induced gastrointestinal ...
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Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunosuppressive agent is used to prevent graft rejection. One of the adverse effects of long time administration of MMF is the gastrointestinal disorder. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of silymarin (SMN) on MMF-induced gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups including the control and test groups. The control animals received saline (5 mL kg-1) and the test animals were treated with MMF (40 mg kg-1, orally) and saline, MMF and silymarin (SMN, 50 mg kg-1, orally) for 14 consecutive days, respectively. To evaluate the GI disorders due to the MMF-induced oxidative stress and subsequently the protective effect of SMN, malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol molecules (TTM) levels and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. Additionally, histopathological examinations in the duodenal region of small intestine were performed. The MMF-increased level of MDA was reduced by SMN administration, while the MMF-reduced level of TTM increased significantly (p < 0.05) by SMN administration. Histopathological examinations showed the goblet cell reduction and congestion in the MMF-received animals; while SMN was able to improve the MMF-induced goblet cell reduction and congestion. Our data suggest that the MMF-induced GI disorders are characterized by changes in antioxidant status, which presented by the elevation of MDA level and reduction of TTM concentration. Moreover, the improved biochemical alterations and histopathologic damages by SMN indicating its gastroprotective and antioxidant effects.
Asressa Yeneneh; Hassen Kebede; Tewodros Fentahun; Mersha Chanie
Volume 3, Issue 2 , June 2012, , Pages 85-89
Abstract
A cross sectional study was carried out from October 2010 to March 2011 at Andassa Livestock Research Center, North-West Ethiopia. The objective was to determine the prevalence of cattle flukes infection. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 384 cattle, cross breed (n= 39) and Fogera breed ...
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A cross sectional study was carried out from October 2010 to March 2011 at Andassa Livestock Research Center, North-West Ethiopia. The objective was to determine the prevalence of cattle flukes infection. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 384 cattle, cross breed (n= 39) and Fogera breed (n=345) of all age groups and sex. Sedimentation technique was employed for the recovery of fluke eggs from freshly collected fecal sample. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of bovine flukes infection was 60.42%. In this study, the highest prevalence was recorded from Paramphistomosis (45.83%) followed by Fasciolosis (23.96%), and Schistosomosis (9.89%). The prevalence of flukes infection was higher in age group 1- 2 years old. There was significant difference in case of Paramphistomosis among age groups. No significant association was found between crossed breeds and sex groups for fluke’s infection. The prevalence of Paramphistomosis was high in cross breed (58.97%) than Fogera breed (44.35%). However, in both cases, there was no significant difference. The result of the present study revealed that the prevalence of major bovine fluke infection in the study area was relatively low and is the definite proof of active infection.
Ghader Jalilzadeh-Amin; Massoud Maham; Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh; Farshad Kheiri
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2011, , Pages 87-96
Abstract
Bunium persicum (Boiss.) is an economically important medicinal plant growing wild in arid regions in Iran. The essential oil of B. persicum (EOBP) was extracted using hydrodistillation. A total of eighteen compounds, representing 96.14 % of the oil was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ...
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Bunium persicum (Boiss.) is an economically important medicinal plant growing wild in arid regions in Iran. The essential oil of B. persicum (EOBP) was extracted using hydrodistillation. A total of eighteen compounds, representing 96.14 % of the oil was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).The main compounds were cuminaldehyde (23.04 %), gamma-terpinene (14.48 %), trans-3-Caren-2-ol (12.51 %), acetic acid (10.90 %) and 1,3,8 -p- menthatriene (7.89 %). The effects of 0.1 to 1000 g mL-1 EOBP on ruminal and abomasal smooth muscle of twenty-four healthy sheep and ileum preparations of six rats were assessed in vitro. Ruminal preparations showed relaxation (P < 0.05) when exposed to 100 - 1000 g mL-1 concentrations of EOBP. In the isolated abomasal preparations, EOBP (0.1 - 1 g mL-1) represented a weak spasmogenic effect followed by relaxation. The spontaneous contraction of abomasal smooth muscles was completely abolished with a high dose (1000 g mL-1) of EOBP. Five-minute incubation with EOBP, significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited Ach-induced contraction in higher doses on both tissues. In contrast, rat ileum only showed dose-dependent relaxation effect, and pre-incubated tissues with EOBP, decreased the Ach-induced contraction. The data indicated that the plant contained spasmogenic and spasmolitic constituents. The results also showed that the EOBP profoundly alters gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction in a dose-dependent and tissue-specific manner.
Mojtaba Raeisi; Hossein Tajik; Javad Aliakbarlu; Sima Valipour
Volume 5, Issue 2 , June 2014, , Pages 89-93
Abstract
Meat products, especially fish meat, are very susceptible to lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage. In this study, first, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) components was done and then two concentrations of ZEO, (1% and 2%) and two concentrations ...
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Meat products, especially fish meat, are very susceptible to lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage. In this study, first, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) components was done and then two concentrations of ZEO, (1% and 2%) and two concentrations of grape seed extract (GSE), (0.5% and 1%) were used in carboxymethyl cellulose coating alone and in combination, and their antioxidant effects on rainbow trout meat were evaluated in a 20-day period using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test. Their effects on total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and pH were evaluated as well. The main components of ZEO are thymol and carvacrol. These components significantly decreased production of thio-barbituric acid (TBA), TVBN and pH level of fish meat. The initial pH, TVBN and TBA content was 6.62, 12.67 mg N per 100 g and 0.19 mg kg-1, respectively. In most treatments significant (p < 0.05) effects on aforementioned factors was seen during storage at 4 ˚C. The results indicated that use of ZEO and GSE as a natural antioxidant agents was effective in reducing undesirable chemical reactions in storage of fish meat.
Histology
Ameneh Hasanzadeh Khosh; Shapour Hasanzadeh; Ali Shalizar Jalali
Volume 8, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 97-104
Abstract
Nicotine (NIC) adversely influences male reproductive system. Achillea millefolium (Achm) as a medicinal plant is highly regarded for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was conducted to assess whether Achminflorescences alcoholic extract could serve as a protective agent ...
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Nicotine (NIC) adversely influences male reproductive system. Achillea millefolium (Achm) as a medicinal plant is highly regarded for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was conducted to assess whether Achminflorescences alcoholic extract could serve as a protective agent against reproductive toxicity in NIC-exposed male rats. Adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups. Two groups received NIC at doses of 0.20 and 0.40 mg kg-1 per day in 0.50 mL sterile distilled water for 48 days intraperitoneally, respectively. The further two groups received NIC at doses of 0.20 and 0.40 mg kg-1 per day in 0.50 mL sterile distilled water for intraperitoneally along with Achm extract at a dose of 1.20 g kg-1 per day in 1 mL sterile distilled water orally for 48 days, respectively. A vehicle treated control group and an Achm-only treated group were also included. The NIC-exposed groups showed significant reductions in epididymal sperm count, motility, viability and serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone as well as testicular antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the incidence of apoptosis and abnormality in spermatozoa along with testicular malondialdehyde and total nitrite levels were significantly higher in NIC-treated rats. The above-mentioned parameters were restored to near normal levels by Achm co-administration. These findings indicated thatAchmmay partially be protective against NIC-induced testicular toxicity.
Theriogenology
Hamid Reza Shafiei Sheykhani; Rooz Ali Batavani; Gholam Reza Najafi
Volume 7, Issue 2 , June 2016, , Pages 99-104
Abstract
Leptin, the 16-kDa product of the obese (ob) gene, primarily secreted from adipose tissue, has been implicated to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. This study investigated protective effect of leptin on trichostatin A-induced apoptotic on in vitro maturation ...
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Leptin, the 16-kDa product of the obese (ob) gene, primarily secreted from adipose tissue, has been implicated to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. This study investigated protective effect of leptin on trichostatin A-induced apoptotic on in vitro maturation ratio of buffalo oocytes. Ovaries were collected from abattoir and were transported immediately to the laboratory by a thermos flask containing sterile normal saline with antibiotics. Oocytes were aspirated from 2 to 8 mm visible follicles. Oocytes were placed in a culture plate and then incubated at 38.5 ˚C with 5% CO2 in air for 24 hr. The maturation of oocytes was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide staining method was used to detect oocyte apoptosis. In leptin treated groups with 0, 10, 50 and 100 ng mL-1 and groups that apoptosis was induced, the percentage of oocytes maturation was 77.03, 86.12, 85.08, and 79.89% and 59.96, 56.93 and 51.98, respectively, while the percentage of apoptosis was 8.83, 7.90, 8.58, and 9.39%, and 10.37, 11.57 and 12.03, respectively. Our findings showed that addition of 10 and 50 ng mL-1 leptin to IVM medium of buffalo oocytes could increase oocyte nuclear maturation, and could decrease oocyte apoptosis when trichostatin A added for inducing apoptosis.
Theriogenology
Arash Kakaiy; Esmail Ayen; Rajabali Sadrkhanlou; Farshid Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2015, , Pages 101-110
Abstract
Thirty six Wistar albino rats with implant induced endometriosis were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. The rats in the first group received nothing and were euthanized at day 21. In the second group, rats received nothing and were euthanized at day 36. The third group received atorvastatin ...
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Thirty six Wistar albino rats with implant induced endometriosis were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. The rats in the first group received nothing and were euthanized at day 21. In the second group, rats received nothing and were euthanized at day 36. The third group received atorvastatin (ATV; 5 mg kg-1 per day, orally) until 21 days from induction of endometriosis, and the fourth group received ATV from the 15th day after induction of endometriosis for 21 days. The fifth group received grape seed extract (GET; 450 mg kg-1 per day, orally) until 21 days from induction of endometriosis. In the sixth group, GET was administered from the 15th day after induction of endometriosis for 21 days. The estrogen receptor positive cells (ER+) distribution and angiogenesis were assessed using immunohistochemical and immunoflourescent analyzes, respectively. The active cells with intracytoplasmic carbohydrate content were analyzed. Erα mRNA expression was assessed using semiquantitative real time-PCR and the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated. The GET and ATV-treated animals showed significant reduction in endometriosis-increased ER+ cells distribution as well as significant decrease in Erα mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Our data suggests that GET exerts a potent inhibitory effect on development of endometriotic implants similar to ATV.
Microbiology
Meryem Cansu Yesiltas; Ilhan Altinok; Rafet Cagri Ozturk
Volume 10, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 101-107
Abstract
Lactococcosis disease incident caused by Lactococcus garvieae has been increased with increasing aquaculture productions and outbreaks of the disease have become a threat on farmed species. To prevent lactococcosis, inactivated vaccine has been used, however, it only provides protection when given by ...
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Lactococcosis disease incident caused by Lactococcus garvieae has been increased with increasing aquaculture productions and outbreaks of the disease have become a threat on farmed species. To prevent lactococcosis, inactivated vaccine has been used, however, it only provides protection when given by injection. Other than inactivated vaccine, various vaccines such as subunit vaccines can be developed. In the present study, total protein profile of 43 strains of L. garvieae isolated from fish, milk and cheese by SDS-PAGE and virulence associated immunogenic proteins of L. garvieae strains using western blot with hyper-immune rabbit sera were determined. After analyzing whole-cell lysate protein of L. garvieae strains with SDS-PAGE, protein bands were ranged between 8.00 and 140.00 kDA. Among strains, variable protein bands were ranged between 17.00 and 48.00 kDa with some variability in the staining intensity of the protein bands and formed in 6 clusters. The immunogenic protein bands were ranged between 25.00 - 75.00 kDa. Only a variable and highly immunogenic protein band was observed between 40.00 and 45.00 kDa. Most of the strain including Lgper had 44.00 kDa immunogenic protein while nonvirulent ATCC strain had 42.50 kDA immunogenic protein. Predominant immuno-reactive proteins encoded by genes can be used as a subunit vaccine.
Pathology
Alireza Yousefi; Farshid Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei; Siamak Asri-Rezaei; Amir-Abbas Farshid; Mehdi Behfar
Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2018, , Pages 105-111
Abstract
Chitosan bears numerous properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity making it suitable for use in different biomedical fields. Zinc (Zn) is required for fibroblasts proliferation and collagen synthesis as essential elements of wound healing. Its nanoparticles are well known ...
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Chitosan bears numerous properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity making it suitable for use in different biomedical fields. Zinc (Zn) is required for fibroblasts proliferation and collagen synthesis as essential elements of wound healing. Its nanoparticles are well known for their capability to enhance wound healing by cell adhesion and migration improvement through growth factors-mediated mechanisms. Poor blood supply and unique histological characteristics of tendon make its regeneration always slow. Also, adhesion formation between tendon and its surrounding tissues is another problem for neotendon to return to its normal structure and functional activities. In this study, a novel tubular scaffold of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles loaded chitosan has been fabricated for tendon repair. Experimental complete tenotomy of deep digital flexor tendon in a rabbit model was done and scaffolds were placed in the transected area after two ends suturing. After four and eight weeks, adhesion formation around the tendons and tissue reaction to the scaffolds were evaluated macroscopically. Inflammation, angiogenesis and collagen fibers arrangement were also analyzed in histopathological evaluations. After eight weeks, the scaffolds were absorbed completely, adhesions around the tendon were decreased and there was no sign of significant tissue reaction and/or infection in histopathological analyses. The reduced adhesion formation, improved gliding function and better histopathological characteristics suggest this scaffold application as a potential therapy in treatment of tendon acute injuries.
