Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Effects of BIO on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of mouse marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells69762669ENMohamadreza Baghaban EslaminejadDepartment of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, IranNasrin FallahDepartment of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, IranJournal Article20130615In vitro expansion of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) into large number is necessary for their application in cell-based treatment of articular cartilage defects. On the other hand, some studies have indicated that BIO (6-Bromoindirubin-3-Oxime) possesses mitogenic effects on cell culture. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of BIO on in vitro expansion and chondrogenic differentiation of mouse marrow-derived MSCs. The culture was established using bone marrow tissue obtained from 10 NMRI mice. MSC nature of the isolated cells was verified according to the minimal criteria proposed for MSC. Passaged-3 cells were seeded in 24-well culture plates and treated by 0.05, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 1.5 µM BIO for seven days. The culture without BIO was taken as the control. At the end of cultivation period, the cultures were examined for viable cell number which was then used to calculate population doubling time (PDT). The BIO with higher proliferation-promoting effect was investigated for its chondrogenic effect on MSC culture. There was significantly more viable cells at the cultures treated by 0.1 µM BIO. At this culture the cells tended to double their population in rapid rate (each 43.07 hr) than the cells treated with the other BIO concentrations (p < 0.05). Interestingly treatment of MSC chondrogenic culture with 0.1 µM BIO led to the up-regulation of cartilage specific genes including aggrecan, collagen II and sox9. In conclusion BIO at 0.1 µM could enhance mouse MSC in vitro proliferation as well as their chondrogenic differentiation. These findings would be of great importance for the field of regenerative medicine.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2669_8067d0eeef8b85d478d2dfa1dfa34508.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Mycophenolate mofetil alters the antioxidant status in duodenum of rats: Implication for silymarin usage in mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal disorders77832670ENSanaz SheikhzadehDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranHassan MalekinejadDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0002-9847-7928Rahim HobbenaghiDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20130615Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunosuppressive agent is used to prevent graft rejection. One of the adverse effects of long time administration of MMF is the gastrointestinal disorder. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of silymarin (SMN) on MMF-induced gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups including the control and test groups. The control animals received saline (5 mL kg<sup>-1</sup>) and the test animals were treated with MMF (40 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, orally) and saline, MMF and silymarin (SMN, 50 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, orally) for 14 consecutive days, respectively. To evaluate the GI disorders due to the MMF-induced oxidative stress and subsequently the protective effect of SMN, malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol molecules (TTM) levels and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. Additionally, histopathological examinations in the duodenal region of small intestine were performed. The MMF-increased level of MDA was reduced by SMN administration, while the MMF-reduced level of TTM increased significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) by SMN administration. Histopathological examinations showed the goblet cell reduction and congestion in the MMF-received animals; while SMN was able to improve the MMF-induced goblet cell reduction and congestion. Our data suggest that the MMF-induced GI disorders are characterized by changes in antioxidant status, which presented by the elevation of MDA level and reduction of TTM concentration. Moreover, the improved biochemical alterations and histopathologic damages by SMN indicating its gastroprotective and antioxidant effects.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2670_83881f46c008c72b30f1e2f7874d3d82.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Effect of estradiol and cloprostenol combination therapy on expulsion of mummified fetus and subsequent fertility in four crossbred cows85892671ENArumugam KumaresanSenior Scientist (Animal Reproduction), Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaSubhash ChandTechnical officer (Veterinary), Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaSankaran SureshVeterinary assistant surgeon, Veterinary Dispensary, Tindivanam, IndiaTushar Kumar MohantySenior Scientist (Animal Reproduction), Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaShiv PrasadPrincipal scientist and in charge, Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaSiddhartha Shankar LayekResearch Scholar, Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaKumaresh BeheraResearch Scholar, Cattle Yard, LPM, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, IndiaJournal Article20130615Four crossbred cows with mummified fetus were utilized for the study. The cows were subjected to gynecological examination and based on the findings the cases were diagnosed as mummified fetus. The cows were treated with 2 mg estradiol valerate and 500 µg cloprostenol and were examined every 12 hr after 24 hr of the treatment for cervical dilatation and other signs related to fetal expulsion. The time duration between treatment and starting of cervical dilatation ranged from 48 to 58h (53.00 ± 2.08 hr). Complete dilatation of cervix was observed after 70.00 ± 2.94 hr post treatment (Range = 64-76 hr). The mean fetal crown-rump length (CRL) was 31.5 cm, which ranged from 27.5 to 38 cm. The number of cotyledons in pregnant horn also showed wide variation (Range 24-38 numbers) with mean ± SE of 30.3 ± 3.07 numbers. In the placenta of three animals irregular shaped large adventitious cotyledons were observed in the inter-cotyledonary areas. Out of the four animals treated, three animals were conceived within three estrous cycles and one animal had cystic ovary in the next cycle and was not conceived even after four cycles. It was concluded that the estradiol and prostaglandin F<sub>2</sub>α (PGF<sub>2</sub>α) combination therapy was effective for expulsion of mummified fetus in crossbred cows without affecting much on future fertility.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2671_9811f7ce208ab4d5a1fe42b25cdeaf63.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Effects of ginger extract on smooth muscle activity of sheep reticulum and rumen91972672ENAmin MamaghaniDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranMasoud MahamDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranBahram Dalir-NaghadehDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20130614Reticulorumen hypomotility leads to the impaired physiologic functions of the digestive tract. Prokinetic action of ginger has been demonstrated in the laboratory animals and human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger on contraction and motility of reticulum and rumen of ruminants. Collected samples of reticulum and rumen from eight sheep were investigated <em>in vitro</em>. The extract at the concentration of 0.1 and 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> had no effect on any preparations. Contraction of reticulum and rumen preparations was occurred at 10.0 and 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup> concentrations (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Concentration of 1000 mg L<sup>-1</sup> caused a relaxation in preparations contracted with 10.0 and 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Likewise, the concentration of 1000 mg L<sup>-1</sup> significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) inhibited ACh-induced contraction in both tissues. Six sheep were involved in electromyographic study. Administration of 40 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> of the extract increased the overall frequency of contractions of the reticulum and rumen at the subsequent three days with the prominent increase at the second day (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Results of <em>in vitro</em> study indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of ginger contained spasmogenic and spasmolytic constituents. The results <em>in vivo</em> study represented evidences that the extract may have stimulant effect on reticulorumen motility in 40 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> concentration.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2672_e32043490794b3925ef7b44ab0af76a5.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Survey of dermatological conditions in a population of domestic dogs in Mashhad, northeast of Iran (2007-2011)991032673ENJavad KhoshnegahDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranAhmad Reza MovassaghiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMehrnaz RadDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20130615In order to assess the prevalence of skin diseases in dogs encountered in a first opinion university small animal clinic, 1299 Iranian domestic dogs presented from September 2007 through March 2011 to the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Veterinary Teaching Hospital, were examined. Dermatological disorders were noted in 17.00% (221/1299) of all the dogs examined. Pruritus was the most common presenting sign, accounting for 25.35% of the dermatological consultations. It was followed by erythema, maculo-papular-pustular eruptions (16.97%), erosive or ulcerative lesions (16.74%), scaling or crusting (13.02%), alopecia (8.84%) and visible ectoparasites (7.44%). The most common primary final diagnoses were superficial pyoderma, cutaneous manifestations of canine leishmaniasis, flea infestation and allergy, tick infestation, atopic dermatitis, scabies, unspecified dermatoses, otitis, furunculosis and food allergy. There were no apparent age or sex predilections for dermatological disease as a whole. Spitz (odds ratio = 3.38; <em>p</em> = 0.001), Terriers (odds ratio = 2.52; <em>p </em>< 0.001) and German Shepherds (odds ratio = 1.90; <em>p</em> = 0.001) appeared to be at increased risk for dermatological disease. In addition, Khorasani large cross breed dogs (odds ratio = 0.36; <em>p</em> = 0.003) and mixed breed dogs (odds ratio = 0.33; <em>p</em> < 0.001) showed decreased risk for dermatological conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey study on canine dermatological conditions carried out in Iran.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2673_d51760b8ff705f8ac272dec21de16f5f.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601A survey on helminthic infection in mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) in Kermanshah, Iran1051092674ENNorollah PakdelDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranSoraya NaemDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranFarid RezaeiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAbdol-Ali ChalehchalehDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;Journal Article20130615Parasitic infections of rodents can compromise scientific research as well as the health of the animals and humans. Based on previous studies, infection rate of parasitic helminths is different in various regions of Iran. The current survey was aimed to determine endoparasitic helminths infection in 138 trapped rodents of Kermanshah county, Iran. Mice and rats were trapped using metal snares from January to October 2011 and euthanized. Rodents included 110 <em>Mus musculus</em> (79.00%), 23 <em>Rattus norvegicus</em> (17.00%), and five <em>Rattus rattus</em> (4.00%). The gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were removed and examined to identify parasitic helminths. The results indicated that 42.02% of examined rodents were infected with eight helminths species, i.e. <em>Trichuris muris</em> (14.49%), <em>Syphacia obvelata</em> (13.76%), <em>Syphacia muris</em> (2.89%),<em> Aspicularis tetrapetra</em> (5.07%), <em>Heterakis spumosa</em> (5.07%),<em> Capillaria hepatica</em> eggs (3.62%), <em>Hyminolepis diminuta</em> (12.30%), and <em>Cystisercus fasciolaris</em>, the larva of <em>Taenia teanieformi</em>s (4.34%). Given the results of this study, we concluded that examined rodents were more infected with nematodes than other helminths. As rodents are usually infected with a number of zoonotic parasites, hence control of these animals has an important role in safeguarding public health.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2674_adf3ed64096e2b2880cba4db4b552bd9.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Serological study of bovine herpes virus type 1 in dairy herds of Hamedan province, Iran1111142675ENAliasghar BahariDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Paraveterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranJamal GharekhaniIranian Veterinary Organization, Hamedan, IranMasoumeh ZandiehIranian Veterinary Organization, Hamedan, IranAli Sadeghi-NasabDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Paraveterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranHesameddin AkbareinDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAhmad Karimi-MakhsousIranian Veterinary Organization, Hamedan, IranMorteza YavariDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Paraveterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranJournal Article20130615A cross-sectional study with a random cluster sampling design was carried out to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in non-vaccinated dairy herds in Hamedan province, west of Iran. Simple random sampling was used for selection of cattle in each herd. Informative data about each herd and selected animals were recorded by the farm manager in a provided questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from 492 animals in 41 industrial herds. A commercial indirect ELISA test was used to determine the seropositivity against BHV-1. The individual and herd seroprevalence for BHV-1 were 58.74% and 82.93%, respectively. The intra-herd prevalences were ranged from 16.70% to 100%. Geographical characteristics of Hamedan province may explain the high sero-prevalence rates found in this study compared to those of others obtained from different parts of the country. The proportion of seropositive cows were increased with age (<em>p</em> <0.05). Animals from large and moderate sized herds had higher odds of seropositivity than those of small size herds. These findings could be related to the presence of a considerable number of BHV-1 carriers in this region. The high herd and animal prevalence found in the present study suggested necessity of implementing an intensive control program for reducing BHV-1 infection rates.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2675_1147c18c088b69f002db6082ec3cad9f.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Biogenic amines determination in some traditional cheeses in West Azerbaijan province of Iran1151182676ENSeyed Mehdi Razavi RohaniFood and Beverage Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranJavad AliakbarluDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0003-0858-682xAli EhsaniDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary, Urmia University, Urmia, IranHassan HassanzadazarFood and Beverage Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Food and Drug Deputy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranJournal Article20130615Biogenic amines (BA) are nitrogenous compounds that possess biological activity. The source of production is the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. This compounds are found in various types of cheese. The aim of this work was to evaluate the BA content of some traditional cheeses in West Azerbaijan province Iran. For this purpose, 70 samples of Koopeh, 10 samples of Lighvan and 5 samples of Red Salmas cheeses were obtained from local supermarkets of different cities of West Azerbaijan province. After preparation of samples, biogenic amines content was evaluated by modified HPLC method. The presence of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine in tested cheeses were observed. Total amount of biogenic amines was highest in Red Salmas cheese with 1426.91 ppm. It followed by Lighvan cheese and Koopeh cheese with 1008.98 and 517.71 ppm, respectively. Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were detected in Koopeh cheese at levels up to 156.09, 282.34, 70.80, 8.48 ppm respectively. These amines were detected also in Lighvan cheese at levels up to 277.53, 342.74, 37.58, 351.12 ppm and in Red Salmas cheese samples at levels up to 438.03, 701.05, 105.21, 182.62 ppm, respectively. Large amounts of biogenic amines can indicate non hygienic conditions and contamination of used milk for cheese production.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2676_d5037edfc4af5967b09e8667e125f9ed.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Evaluation of hematopoietic cells and myeloid/erythroid ratio in the bone marrow of the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)1191222677ENMina TadjalliDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSaeed NazifiDepartment of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranRahil HaghjooDepartment of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20130615In order to study the normal hematopoiesis, cellular components and myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio in the bone marrow of the pheasant <em>(Phasianus colchicus)</em>, bone marrow samples were collected from the proximal tibiotarsus bone of 16 clinically healthy adult pheasant. The bone marrow smears were stained using the Giemsa stain. The results indicated that the development and formation of blood cells in the bone marrow of pheasant were similar to other birds, whereas the morphology of the cells was similar to chickens, ducks, quail, and black-head gull. The mean M/E ratio was 1.24, the mean erythroid percentage was 42.24, the mean myeloid percentage was 52.62, and the mean percentage of all other cells percentage was 5.38. There was no significant difference in any of the cellular composition between male and female.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2677_5acc5bc62c9ba592519fe18bd2ab7acb.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanol extract of Echinophora platyloba D.C against some of food-borne pathogenic bacteria1231272678ENMohammad HashemiDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAli EhsaniDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranNima Hosseini JazaniFood and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranJavad AliakbarluDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0003-0858-682xRazzaqh MahmoudiDepartment of Food Hygiene and Aquatics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20130615<em>Echinophora Platyloba D.C </em>as a medicinal plant is used for preservation of foods and treatment of many diseases in different regions of Iran. The present study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and investigation of the antibacterial effects of essential oil as well as methanol extract from aerial part of <em>Echinophora Platyloba</em><em> D.C </em>against <em>S. aureus</em>,<em> </em><em>L. monocytogenes</em>, <em>S. Thyphimurium</em> and <em>E. coli</em>. Chemical analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) showed that ocimene (26.51%), 2,3-Dimethyl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene (9.87%), alpha-pinene (7.69%) and gamma-dodecanolactone (5.66%) were dominant components of essential oil and the main constituents of methanol extract were o-Cymene (28.66%), methanol (8.50%), alpha-pinene (7.42%) and gamma-decalactone (5.20%). The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, whereas the methanol extract almost remained inactive against gram-negative bacteria. The most sensitive bacteria to essential oil and extract of <em>Echinophora Platyloba D.C </em>were <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of essential oil against <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> were 6250 and 12500 ppm, respectively. MIC of methanol extract against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was 25000 ppm. Therefore, purifying and evaluation of antibacterial effects of the active substances of the essential oil and methanol extract of this plant for future application as antibacterial agents and food preservatives to combat pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms is recommended.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2678_6e074283747bc108799c6a55d33c9397.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601A preliminary anatomical study on carotid body of Makouei sheep1291312679ENGholamreza NajafiDepartment of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranFarhad SoltanalinejadDepartment of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranHamed HasanzadehStudent of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20130615The carotid is a small mass of chemoreceptor's and sustentacular cells that detects changes in the composition of the arterial blood. The aim of the present study was to identify the size, color, location, blood and nerve supply of the carotid body in Makouei sheep. Fourteen heads of sheep from both sexes were collected from Urmia public slaughter-house. The exact situation and nerve supply of the carotid body was determined. Before dissection, blue latex was injected into right and left common carotid arteries. All the branches of the common carotid artery and the branch supplying carotid body were investigated. This study showed that, carotid body in sheep has been situated around the muscular branch of the occipital artery. The mean weight, width and length, thickness of carotid body were 0.01 g, 0.83 mm, 1.07 mm, and 1.06 mm respectively. Blood to the carotid body was supplied by glomic artery which was a branch of occipital artery. It was innervated by herring nerve which was a branch of glossopharyngeal nerve.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2679_4d33289f7ba4acc823101a083e250bbf.pdfFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-81404220130601Malignant catarrhal fever in pastoral Maasai herds caused by wildebeest associated alcelaphine herpesvirus-1: An outbreak report1331362680ENEmanuel Senyael SwaiVeterinary Investigation Centre (VIC), Arusha, TanzaniaAngolwise Mwakibete KapagaCentral Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Dar-es-Salaam, TanzaniaFrancis SudiEpidemiology Unit, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar-es-SalaamPotari Meshack LoomuDistrict Veterinary Office, Loliondo, Arusha, TanzaniaGladyness JoshuaCentral Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Dar-es-Salaam, TanzaniaJournal Article20130615An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal viral disease in indigenous Tanzanian shorthorn zebu in Ngorongoro district of Tanzania during the period of June 2004 has been described. The disease was diagnosed by clinical, post mortem findings and the virus was identified using molecular characterization study. The history and clinical features included pyrexia, cornel opacity, nasal discharges, multifocal buccal ulceration of varying size and general unthrifty. Pathological features showed that abomasum and intestine contents were blood tinged and their walls were congested and hyperemic with scattered hemorrhagic patches. Furthermore greenish-black longitudinal stripes in the caecum and ileo-caecal junction that disappeared upon opening of the intestine were a distinct feature. It has been concluded that as the wildebeest have a wide distribution throughout Tanzania, it is likely that MCF occurs in many parts of the country and therefore continuation of surveillance system seems necessary.https://vrf.iranjournals.ir/article_2680_f7195fa90ff2a710ed7784c6ca6eb05c.pdf