Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Mycotoxicoses in veterinary medicine: Aspergillosis and penicilliosis971033982810.30466/vrf.2020.112820.2686ENHassan MalekinejadDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran0000-0002-9847-7928Johanna Fink-GremmelsDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsJournal Article20190811Molds and mycotoxins are contaminants of animal feed causing spoilage and clinical intoxication. Animal exposure to mycotoxins reflects diet composition with major differences occurring between animals kept predominantly of pastures, i.e. ruminants and horses, and those consuming formulated feed like pigs and poultry. Mixed feeds are composed of several ingredients, often sourced from different continents. Subsequently, practitioners may confront endemic diseases and signs of toxin exposure related to toxins imported accidentally with contaminated feed materials from other countries and continents. Mycotoxins comprise more than 300 to 400 different chemicals causing a variety of clinical symptoms. Mycotoxin exposure causes major economic losses due to reduced performance, impaired feed conversion and fertility, and increased susceptibility to environmental stress and infectious diseases. In acute cases, clinical symptoms following mycotoxin ingestion are often non-specific, hindering an immediate diagnosis. Furthermore, most mold species produce more than one toxin, and feed commodities are regularly contaminated with various mold species resulting in complex mixtures of toxins in formulated feeds. The effects of these different toxins may be additive, depending on the level and time of exposure, and the intensity of the clinical symptoms based on age, health, and nutritional status of the exposed animal(s). Threshold levels of toxicity are difficult to define and discrepancies between analytical data and clinical symptoms are common in daily practice. This review aims to provide an overview of <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium</em> toxins that are frequently found in feed commodities and discusses their effects on animal health and productivity.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Influence of the myotome zone and sex on the muscle cellularity and fillet texture of diploid and triploid turbots Scophthalmus maximus L.1051123975110.30466/vrf.2018.94534.2278ENMaria AyalaDepartment of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, SpainJorge Hernández-UrceraDepartment of Ecology and Marine Resources, Marine Research Institute, Vigo, SpainSpanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Vigo, SpainMarina SantaellaDepartment of Food Science and Nutritional, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, SpainMaría Carmen Martínez GraciáSpanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Vigo, SpainOctavio López-AlborsDepartment of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, SpainRosa CalDepartment of Food Science and Nutritional, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, SpainJournal Article20180926The muscle and textural parameters were analyzed in four myotome zones (epaxial upper, hipoaxial upper, epaxial bottom, and hipoaxial bottom) in seven diploids (D) and seven triploids (T) turbot specimens. Diploid specimens showed the highest values of the size and number of white fibers in the epaxial zones, being such values higher in female than male specimens. In triploid specimens, the highest fibers sizes were found in the upper zones (epaxial and hipoaxial), whereas the lowest number and density of fibers were found in the epaxial upper zone. In this latter group (T), the lowest fibers sizes were found in female specimens, whereas the rest of the parameters were usually higher in female than male specimens. When comparing both groups, the hypertrophy was higher in T than D in all zones. In both ploidy groups, the highest textural values were usually observed in the upper epaxial fillet, being slightly higher in female than male specimens. The values of standard length, total weight, gonad weight, gonadosomatic index and gutted weight were higher in female than male specimens in both groups (D and T).Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Efficacy of inactivated velogenic Newcastle disease virus genotype VII vaccine in broiler chickens1131203972410.30466/vrf.2019.95311.2295ENMohamed FawzyDepartment of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0003-1017-6280Rola AliOrganization of Public Veterinary Services, Ismailia, EgyptWael ElfeilAvian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt0000-0001-6777-982XAmani SalehVeterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Cairo, EgyptMokhtar EltarabilliDepartment of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20181009Newcastle disease (ND) causes severe economic losses in poultry production. Despite the intensive vaccination regimes of NDV in Egypt, many outbreaks are being reported. The present study focused on the preparation and evaluation of inactivated velogenic Newcastle disease virus vaccine (genotype VII) isolated from Egyptian broiler chicken during 2015-2016. Fifty-five tissue samples including trachea, lung, liver, proventriculus, intestine, and kidney collected from commercial broiler chickens were used for virus isolation in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) and identified using RT-PCR and sequencing. The isolates were classified by sequencing as velogenic NDV genotype VIId containing F0 protein cleavage site motifs (<sup>112</sup>RRQKRF<sup>117</sup>). A selected isolate was served as a master seed for the preparation of inactivated NDV vaccine with or without Montanide ISA70 adjuvant and evaluated in SPF chicks. Nine NDV isolates were isolated on ECE and the highest infectivity titer of the virus was 7.50 log<sub>10</sub> EID<sub>50</sub> mL<sup>-1</sup> by the 5<sup>th</sup> passage. Vaccinated chicks with NDV-Montanide ISA70 adjuvanted vaccine exhibited antibody titer of 5.20 log<sub>2</sub> at the 3<sup>rd</sup>-week-post-vaccination (WPV) with the highest titer (8.90 log<sub>2</sub> mL<sup>-1</sup>) at the 6<sup>th</sup>-WPV. Protective antibodies values were persisted to 12<sup>th</sup> WPV followed by a gradual decrease to the end of the experiment (16<sup>th</sup> weeks). Vaccination of chicks with inactivated NDV isolate without adjuvant failed to induce protective HI antibodies all over the experiment. Chickens vaccinated with the ISA70 adjuvant vaccine were passed homologous challenge tests with 100% protective efficiency, while the unadjuvanted vaccine could not provide any protective efficiency. In conclusion, the preparation of inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine from NDV field circulating strains was efficient in controlling the disease in Egypt.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Some probiotic properties of Lactobacillus species isolated from honey and their antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens1211263969910.30466/vrf.2018.90418.2188ENElahe LashaniDepartment of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAbolfazl DavoodabadiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IranMohammad Mehdi Soltan DallalDepartment of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFood Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180721Lactobacilli commonly used as a probiotic and they can be isolated from various sources such as fermented foods and gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. The aims of this study were isolation and identification of lactobacilli from honey and investigation of some probiotic properties and antimicrobial effects against foodborne bacterial pathogens. A total of 88 honey samples were collected from different areas in Iran. About 1.00 g of each honey was cultured in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth and then sub-cultured on MRS agar. The isolates were assessed for probiotic potentials such as tolerance to acid and bile. Then, antimicrobial activity of isolates against seven foodborne pathogens including <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, <em>Shigella flexneri</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Salmonella</em> <em>enteritidis</em>, Enteropathogenic <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>, <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em> O157 H7 and <em>Bacillus</em> <em>cereus</em> was investigated. From 88 honey samples, 39 isolates were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing method. Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) with 29 (74.00%) isolates were dominant identified bacteria (27 <em>L. kunkeei</em> and two <em>Fructobacillus fructosus</em>). Also, four <em>L. plantarum, </em>two L<em>. paracasei, </em>one <em>L. brevis, </em>one <em>L. rhamnosus, </em>one <em>L. casei</em> and one<em> L. fermentum</em> were identified. Two <em>L. kunkeei</em> isolates and one <em>F. fructosus</em> isolate were resistant to acid and bile salt. Two <em>L. rhamnosus</em> isolates and one <em>L. paracasei </em>isolate inhibited all pathogens (100%). This is the first study in Iran that isolated lactobacilli from honey. The FLAB especially <em>L. kunkeei </em>were isolated as dominated species from honey. Some lactobacilli isolates have probiotic potential and may be useful for the prevention and treatment of infections, but more investigations are needed.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Comparison of the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa fruit, quercetin and vitamin E on monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in rats1271343969610.30466/vrf.2018.83041.2091ENNavideh MirzakhaniDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran0000-0001-8262-5204Amir Abbas FarshidDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAli-Asghar TehraniDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranEsmaeal TamaddonfardDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranMehdi ImaniDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20180512<em>Capparis spinosa</em> L. has many biological effects such as antioxidant properties. In the present study, we compared the effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of <em>Capparis spinosa </em>fruit, quercetin (Q), and vitamin E (Vit E) on monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity. The following groups were designed: Control groups (normal saline and/or corn oil); MSG group (4.00 g kg<sup>-1</sup> MSG); MSG + low dose extract group (4.00 g kg<sup>-1</sup> MSG with 100.00 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> extract); MSG + high dose extract (HDE) group (4.00 g kg<sup>-1</sup> MSG with 300.00 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> extract); MSG + Q group (4.00 g kg<sup>-1</sup> MSG with 10.00 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Q); MSG + Vit E group (4.00 g kg<sup>-1</sup> MSG with 200.00 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Vit E). All chemicals were orally administered for 14 consecutive days. Tissue specimens from the heart, kidney, and liver tissues and blood samples were collected for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. The results showed that the MSG-induced tissue edema, congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration were resolved by HDE, Q, and Vit E treatments. These chemicals also restored tissue malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity. Besides, alterations induced by MSG in serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase-MB were also resolved. It is concluded that <em>Capparis spinosa</em> fruit extract, Q and Vit E can produce approximately similar protective effects on tissue function through oxidative stress alleviation and antioxidant mechanisms restoration.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Comparative effects of nano-selenium and sodium selenite supplementations on fertility in aged broiler breeder males1351413972610.30466/vrf.2018.83172.2093ENMohammad Hossein AlaviDVSc Candidate, Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranManoochehr AllymehrDepartment of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAlireza TalebiDepartment of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0001-6476-0488Gholamreza NajafiDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20180526It is well documented that aging has negative effects on fertility. With increasing age, the activity of antioxidant enzymes are reduced and because of roosters sperm composition, a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the probability of sperm damage increases. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of nano-selenium and sodium selenite on fertility in aged male broiler breeder chickens. Thirty-five male broiler breeders (Cobb 500)<sup>®</sup> at 50 weeks of age were randomly divided into five equal groups: The control group was fed on a commercial diet, group T1 was fed on a commercial diet supplemented with sodium selenite (0.30 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> feed), group T2, T3 and T4 were fed on a commercial diet supplemented with nano-selenium (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> feed, respectively). Sperm characteristics (sperm count, motility, viability, and maturity) as well as testicular histomorphometric features [tubule differentiation (TDI), spermiation (SPI), Sertoli cell (SCI) and miotic (MI) indices] were assessed. The results showed that sperm characteristics were gradually decreased with age in the control group, however, it increased in group T3. Also, TDI, SPI, SCI, and MI in group T3 were higher than those of other groups. Our findings revealed that dietary supplementations with nano-selenium boosted fertility in aged male broiler breeders and the best results were obtained when the roosters received 0.30 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> nano-selenium. Supplementation of nano-selenium in aged broiler breeder males might be effective to maintain flock fertility and/or increase the flock fertility.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Silymarin protects the structure of kidney in the neonatal rats exposed to maternal cadmium toxicity: A stereological study1431523969710.30466/vrf.2019.84202.2108ENGholamreza HamidianDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-8200-7243Shadmehr MirdarDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranPourya RaeeDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranKiyana AsghariDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranMaryam JarrahiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20180412The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of silymarin on maternal cadmium toxicity complications in the kidney of neonatal rats. Forty adults Wistar female rats were selected and placed with male rats for copulation. The pregnant animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8) including control, sham, silymarin, cadmium, and silymarin + cadmium. The animals received 400 mg L<sup>-1</sup> cadmium and 100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> silymarin (sub-cutaneously, three days per week, three weeks). Two-day neonates were dissected and their right kidneys were fixed in 10.00% buffered formalin solution and processed by standard paraffin embedding. Tissue sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed histologically and stereologically. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS using a one-way ANOVA test and Tukey's post-hoc. The results showed that silymarin significantly increased the neonatal rats' weight compared to the control group. Cadmium significantly decreased the weight of neonatal rats' kidneys. The results of histological studies indicated that cadmium caused subacute glomerulosclerosis, severe damage to urinary tubules such as tubular necrosis, and severe hyperemia in the medulla, but silymarin could preserve these complications. Stereological results revealed that cadmium decreased the total volume of kidney, medulla, and proximal and distal tubules and increased interstitial tissue and indicated the protective effects of silymarin on maternal cadmium toxicity complications in the kidney tissue of neonatal rats. It can be concluded that the administration of silymarin during pregnancy may be used as a useful and effective way of protecting the maternal cadmium toxicity complications in the kidney tissue of neonatal rats.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Effect of chicken raw materials on physicochemical and microbiological properties of mechanically deboned chicken meat1531583969810.30466/vrf.2018.90365.2186ENNaeimeh AkramzadehStudent Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranZahra RamezaniDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRohollah FerdousiDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranBehrouz Akbari-AderganiFood and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranAbdorreza MohammadiDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNader Karimian-KhosroshahiDepartment of Food Control, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranBahareh Khalili FameninDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranZahra PilevarDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHedayat HosseiniDepartment of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFood Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8301-4229Journal Article20180720Excessive consumption of red meat is associated with various diseases including coronary heart diseases and cancer. Lower health-related problems of chicken meat, consumption of chicken meat, and mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) have been increased due to their cheaper prices. Thereby, chemical, microbial, and physical causes of chicken meat losses and the safety aspects are needed to be fully considered to save food by improved application of chicken meat and its by-product. This study investigated the effects of chicken classes, layer, and broiler, and different carcass cuts, fillet, skeleton, and the whole carcass, on physicochemical, protein, fat, ash, moisture, pH, and peroxide, and microbiological, total plate counts, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Campylobacter</em>, and <em>Salmonella</em>, characteristics as well as introducing content changes of metal elements iron, calcium (Ca), lead, cadmium, and arsenic in MDCM. The highest values of physicochemical characteristics, calcium, iron, and heavy metals were observed in deboned layer chicken carcass and deboned broiler skeleton (<em>p</em><0.05). Although <em>Escherichia coli</em> was detected in all of the treatments, <em>Salmonella</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus,</em> and <em>Campylobacter</em> contamination were found only in the deboned layer and broiler skeleton. In conclusion, the application of MDCM by-products in meat products without thermal processing is not recommended. The broiler and layer skeleton MDCMs are not suitable for human consumption due to the high contents of heavy metals. However, the whole carcasses of layer chickens are suitable to be mutually used in MDCM at the end of the egg laying period.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Effect of dietary supplementation of nanocurcumin on oxidant stability of broiler chicken breast meat infected with Eimeria species1591633982510.30466/vrf.2018.86733.2125ENRazieh PartoviDepartment of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IranSaeed SeifiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran0000-0001-6872-3043Mahdieh PabastDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAfsaneh MohajerDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranParisa SadigharaDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180613Poultry meat is very susceptible to oxidation because of the high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which negatively affects the quality and nutritional values of chicken meat. Coccidiosis is the most common parasitic disease of poultry. Intending to limit anti-parasites usage in poultry feed and also because of the concerns about antibiotic resistance and residues in poultry products, there is a need for research to discover natural alternatives. The effect of nanocurcumin on antioxidant profile (carotenoid and vitamin E contents, lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity) and pH of broiler chicken breast meat infected with Eimeria species was investigated. Fifty, one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to five treatments including non-infected and non-medicated control (NNC), infected non-supplemented control (INC), infected and medicated with nanocurcumin 300 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> feed (NCRM1), infected and medicated with nanocurcumin 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> feed (NCRM2) and infected and antibiotic medicated group. Infection with <em>Eimeria acervulina</em>, <em>E. maxima,</em> and <em>E. tenella</em> decreased vitamin E and carotenoid contents of chicken breast meat significantly. The NCRM2 had significantly enhanced carotenoid and vitamin E levels in chicken breast meat, so there was no significant difference between NCRM2 and NNC group. No significant change was observed in pH value among groups. Malondialdehyde value of breast meat was significantly lower in NCRM1 and NCRM2 than the INC group. The NCRM2 and NCRM1 showed the best antioxidant capacity even better than NNC. In conclusion, nanocurcumin could be a potential feed additive that can increase oxidant stability of broiler chicken breast meat.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Ultrasound-guided induced fetal death, an alternative method for induction of abortion in the bitch1651703969410.30466/vrf.2018.68229.1964ENSarang SorooriDepartment of Surgery and Radiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSoraya Saleh GargariFeto-Maternal Unit, Mahdyeh Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNima SayyahDepartment of surgery and radiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Tehren, Tehran, IranMohammad Reza Esmaili NejadDepartment of surgery and radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4548-1771Journal Article20170815This study was performed to achieve abortion in a short time and with minimum side effects in a bitch, as an alternative method for termination of unwanted pregnancy. The experimentation was performed on 10 privately owned crossbred pregnant bitches, in their late second trimester of pregnancy, having a variable number of fetuses (3 to 9). Fetal death was induced by transabdominal intracardiac injection of potassium chloride (KCl) into the fetal heart under ultrasonographic guidance. Pregnancy was terminated within 36 to 72 hr (51.60 ±16.04 hr) and none of the patients experienced any side effects or clinical complications. Data presented in this report provided evidence for the possible use of this technique to selectively reduce the number of canine fetuses without terminating the whole pregnancy. Ultrasound-guided induced fetal death is a safe procedure and a viable method for the induction of abortion in a short time and with no apparent side effects.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Investigating the effects of varying wall materials and oil loading levels on stability and nutritional values of spray dried fish oil1711783969510.30466/vrf.2018.79822.2058ENHamed Khalilvandi-BehroozyarDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, IranMehdi Dehghan-BanadakyDepartment of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMohammad GhaffarzadehDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180120High oxidative capacity of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils is the main problem with their dietary application. The main objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different encapsulants and oil loading levels on nutritive value, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil powders. Four types of wall materials [glucose syrup and maltodextrin based Maillard reaction products (MRP) or equivalent non-reacted physical blends (Non-MRP)] were used along with the three levels of oil loadings (oil to wall ratio of 1:2; 1:1; 2:1 as low, medium and high oil loadings). Emulsions and resulting microencapsules were tested for fatty acid content and stability if fatty acids over time. Additionally, different oxidative parameters were used to assess the oxidative stability of the microencapsules. Results showed that high oil loading significantly increased the mean particle size of emulsions and resultant powders and concomitantly reduced microencapsulation efficiency (ME) and yield of capsules in all of the tested wall materials. However, MRP exhibited better performance. Maillard reaction products showed better protection efficiency against oil oxidation relative to non-MRP. Nevertheless, two types of MRP encapsulants showed different proficiency and glucose syrup-MRP, provided more protection than Maltodextrin-MRP. Maillard reaction had a positive correlation with the stability properties of emulsions and resulting microcapsules. Our results showed that microencapsulation with Maillard reaction products could be used as an efficient way to protect fish oil from oxidation.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615The challenge of getting a high quality of RNA from oocyte for gene expression study1791843970010.30466/vrf.2018.92133.2230ENYusoff MaisarahInstitute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaNoor Hashida HashimBiology Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia0000-0003-2572-4083Mohd-Yusuf YusminBiology Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCentre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia0000-0002-8282-3312Journal Article20180818The extraction of intact RNA from oocyte is quite challenging and time-consuming. A standard protocol using commercial RNA extraction kit, yields a low quantity of RNA in oocytes. In the past, several attempts in getting RNA for gene expression study ended up with a few different modified methods. Extraction of high-quality RNA from oocyte is important before further downstream analyses such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, or northern blot analysis. In this review, the efficiency of RNA extraction methods from all species oocytes was compared between published articles and our research to gather all possible methods of RNA extraction. Two different methods of RNA extraction that were proposed from various experiments were reviewed to determine the best method of RNA extraction from the oocyte. Modified TRIzol method can be concluded as an efficient RNA extraction method especially for good RNA from oocytes. Meanwhile, comparing RNA extraction kits to extract the RNA from oocytes or pre-implantation embryos, the micro RNA extraction kit type is the best. Therefore, an appropriate RNA extraction method is important to obtain high quality of total RNA for gene expression profiling analysis.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615A cross sectional study on Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum in sheepdogs in a western region in Iran1851903515010.30466/vrf.2018.78930.2046ENMandana HoseiniDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranFateme JalousianDepartment of parasitology, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of TehranSeyed Hosein HoseiniDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7709-6539Abbas Gerami SadeghianDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180219Iran is one of the endemic areas of Dirofilariasis, and also one of the most important zoonotic infections. <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em> causes a severe and fatal disease called heartworm disease in dog. It also produces pulmonary nodules in humans. The worm is to be investigated as a potential infection of humans and animals in various provinces in Iran. In this research, the samples were<em> studied</em> with modified Knott and molecular methods. The results of the modified Knott method indicated that 14.00% of sheepdogs were infected with filarial microfiler. The microfilers were characterized with basic morphological features, the length of the infective larva and tail ending. There was an estimated prevalence of 4.45% for <em>Dirofilaria immitis </em>and 9.55% for <em>Acanthocheilonema </em><em>reconditum </em>microfiler. To verify the differential diagnosis, molecular method was performed using PCR with <em>Dirofilaria </em>specific primers for amplification of ITS2 locus. Gene locus sequencing results of <em>D. immitis</em> and sequence alignment recorded in GeneBank showed 97.00% similarity, and relatively 98.00% similarity was observed in <em>A.reconditum.</em> The results of the molecular method confirmed the result of modified Knott method. Low infection with <em>D. immitis</em> was observed the region, probably due to the fact that the annual temperature and precipitation in this area were not suitable for the proliferation of the vector mosquitoes. In general, there was less infection in the region compared to regions with relatively similar climatic conditions. Hence, the results suggested that alternative diagnostic tests are required to determine the occult infections.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Hemolytic anemia associated with Trypanosoma theileri in a cow from Kurdistan province, West of Iran 1911933979610.30466/vrf.2019.103834.2465ENAttaollah HajihassaniDean of Primer Diagnostic Laboratory, Baneh, IranShilan MaroufiPrivate Veterinary Practitioner, Baneh, IranBijan EsmaeilnejadDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000000317815890Hajir KhorramPrivate Veterinary Practitioner, Baneh, Iran0000000317815890Mousa TavassoliDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0002-0169-6041Bahram Dalir-NaghadehDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAwat SamieiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20190212Various species of <em>Trypanosoma</em> parasites are known to infect several wild and domestic animals worldwide. A 7-year-old Holstein cow from Baneh, Kurdistan province, was examined by a private veterinarian due to anorexia and depression. Physical examination revealed fever, enlarged subscapular lymph node, and pale mucosa. Blood samples were taken for hemato-logical, parasitological, and PCR examination. The large <em>Trypanosoma</em> spp. was microscopically observed in a stained blood smear. Decreased red blood cells (RBCs) count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were observed through complete blood cell count. Nucleated RBCs were also found in this case. Species-specific PCR assay confirmed<em> T. theileri</em> infection. Treatment was performed subcutaneously with diminazene aceturate. The clinical signs were improved after two days. Two-month follow-up showed no recurrence. In conclusion, <em>T. theileri</em> is characterized by anemia and pyrexia in a cow. To our knowledge, the present case report describes the first molecular evidence of <em>T. theileri</em> in Kurdistan, West of Iran.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia UniversityVeterinary Research Forum2008-814011220200615Concurrent occurrence of granulosa cell tumor, uterine adenomyosis, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and uterine serosal inclusion cyst in a bitch1951983970110.30466/vrf.2019.102836.2449ENSoroush SabizaDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0003-3452-9933Annahita RezaieDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranReza AvizehDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranNavid RazmianDVSc candidate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranReza SamaeiDVSc candidate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranAli AghababaieDVM graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20190128An eleven-year-old Doberman-German Shepherd mixed bitch was presented with vulvar enlargement, vaginal discharge, and bleeding for two months and a week before, respectively. The dog was operated for routine ovariohysterectomy. During the surgery, a liquid-filled sac was observed on the ventrolateral border of the right uterine horn. The sac was ligated and excised. The uterine horns and ovaries were stained for histopathological evaluation. Granulosa cell tumor (GCT), adenomyosis (CUA), endometrial cystic hyperplasia (CEH), and uterine serosal inclusion cyst (USC) were diagnosed through histopathology assessment. Following up, 12 weeks after surgery revealed that the patient was in good condition with a good appetite and without any vaginal discharge. It seems the initial problem of the present bitch and the main cause of clinical signs was GCT. Probably, other abnormal conditions including CUA, CEH, and USC occurred as a result of hormonal disturbance associated with GCT. This report described the concurrent occurrence of GCT, CUA, CEH, and USC in a bitch as it has not been reported before.