Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Centre of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Limited information exists about the relationship of adipose tissue with inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism during the transition period in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to assess the changes and relation of some adipokines, cytokines, oxidative biomarkers, and serum biochemical parameters related to energy balance (EB) in cows during the transition period. Thirty multiparous Holstein cows were selected based on estimated parturition date, and blood samples were collected from jugular vein on one-week prepartum and one and three weeks postpartum and used to measure the parameters. The serum levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), non-esterified fatty acid, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate aminotransferase, and total antioxidant capacity increased significantly, and glucose, urea, triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased significantly after parturition. The serum values of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were not changed significantly during the experiment. The results of the Pearson correlation revealed a significant negative correlation between BHB with glucose, albumin, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and a positive correlation with TG and malondialdehyde. Also, there was a significant direct correlation between insulin and leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL-6 and TNF-α in the whole experiment period. These emphasize the difficulty of dairy cows to manage the energy requirements during the transition period. It can be stated that adipokines and cytokines may have an essential role in the metabolic status in this period, and control of their production and, or secretion could be helpful in EB during the transition period.

Keywords

  1. Kuhla B. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypo-thalamic inflammation: implications for insufficient feed intake of transition dairy cows. Animal 2020; 14(S1): s65-s77.
  2. Alharthi A, Zhou Z, Lopreiato V, et al. Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows. J Animal Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9: 12. doi: 10.1186/s40104-017-0221-1
  3. Ceciliani F, Lecchi C, Bazile J, et al. Proteomics research in the adipose tissue. Proteomics in domestic animals: from farm to systems biology. Springer, Cham, 2018, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-69682-9.
  4. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 2004; 92(3): 347-355.
  5. Çolakoğlu HE, Polat IM, Vural MR, et al. Associations between leptin, body condition score, and energy metabolites in Holstein primiparous and multiparous cows from 2 to 8 weeks postpartum. Revue Méd. Vét 2017; 168(4-6): 93-101.
  6. Mann S, Urh C, Sauerwein H, et al. The association of adiponectin and leptin concentrations with prepartum dietary energy supply, parity, body condition, and postpartum hyperketonemia in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101(1): 806-811.
  7. Kabara Ed, Sordillo LM, Holcombe S, et al. Adiponectin links adipose tissue function and monocyte inflammatory responses during bovine metabolic stress. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37(1): 49-58.
  8. Reverchon M, Ramé C, Cognié J, et al. Resistin in dairy cows: plasma concentrations during early lactation, expression and potential role in adipose tissue. PloS One 2014; 9(3): e93198. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0093198.
  9. Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, De Koster J. Modulating adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling to improve immune function during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101(3): 2737-2752.
  10. Wankhade PR, Manimaran A, Kumaresan A, et al. Active immune system and dry matter intake during the transition period are associated with postpartum fertility in lactating Zebu cows. Livest Sci 2019; 228: 18-24.
  11. Kushibiki S. Tumor necrosis factor- α-induced inflammatory responses in cattle. Anim Sci J 2011; 82(4): 504-511.
  12. Karis P, Jaakson H, Ling K, et al. Body condition and insulin resistance interactions with periparturient gene expression in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103(4): 3708-3718.
  13. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 8th revised ed. Washington DC, USA: National Academic Press 2021.
  14. Lefevre G, Bonneau C, Rahma S, et al. Determination of plasma protein-bound malondialdehyde by derivative spectrophotometry. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1996; 34(8): 631-636.
  15. Koracevic D, Koracevic G, Djordjevic V, et al. Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54(5): 356-361.
  16. Fiore E, Piccione G, Rizzo M, et al. Adaptation of some energetic parameters during transition period in dairy cows. J Appl Anim Res 2018; 46(1): 402-405.
  17. Kuhla B, Metges CC, Hammon HM. Endogenous and dietary lipids influencing feed intake and energy metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2016; 56 Suppl: S2-S10.
  18. Gordon JL, Leblanc SJ, Duffield TF. Ketosis treatment in lactating dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice. 2013; 29(2): 433-445.
  19. Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2000; 16(2): 215-230.
  20. Teama FEI, Gad AE. Leptin, thyroxin and cortisol hormones and some metabolic products during pre and postpartum periods in cows in relations to their body weight of newborn calves. Glob Vet 2014; 12(1): 59-66.
  21. Hayirli A. The role of exogenous insulin in the complex of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30(7): 749-774.
  22. Chapinal N, Carson ME, LeBlanc SJ, et al. The association of serum metabolites in the transition period with milk production and early-lactation reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95(3): 1301-1309.
  23. Sheehy MR, Fahey AG, Aungier SPM, et al. A comparison of serum metabolic and production profiles of dairy cows that maintained or lost body condition 15 days before calving. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100(1): 536-547.
  24. Enrico F, Giuseppe P, Maria R, et al. Adaptation of some energetic parameters during transition period in dairy cows. Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, 402-405.
  25. Zhao F-Q, Keating AF. Expression and regulation of glucose transporters in the bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90 (Suppl 1): E76-E86.
  26. Chalmeh A, Pourjafar M, Nazifi S, et al. Study on serum glucose, insulin, NEFA, BHBA and lipid profile in different productive status of high producing Holstein dairy cows. Iran JVet Med 2015; 9(3): 171-178.
  27. Bossaert P, Leroy JL, De Campeneere S, et al. Differences in the glucose-induced insulin response and the peripheral insulin responsiveness between neonatal calves of the Belgian Blue, Holstein-Friesian, and East Flemish breeds. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(9): 4404-4011.
  28. Chalmeh A, Pourjafar M, Nazifi S, et al. Circulating metabolic profile of high producing Holstein dairy cows. Istanbul Univ Vet Fak Derg 2015; 41(2): 172-176.
  29. Seifi HA, Gorji-Dooz M, Mohri M, et al. Variations of energy-related biochemical metabolites during transition period in dairy cows. Comp Clin Pathol 2007; 16: 253-258.
  30. Grummer RR, Mashek DG, Hayirli A. Dry matter intake and energy balance in the transition period. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20(3): 447-470.
  31. Turk R, Juretić D, Gereš D, et al. Influence of oxidative stress and metabolic adaptation on PON1 activity and MDA level in transition dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 108(1-2): 98-106.
  32. van Dorland HA, Richter S, Morel I, et al. Variation in hepatic regulation of metabolism during the dry period and in early lactation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92(5): 1924-1940.
  33. Kessler EC, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, et al. Cholesterol metabolism, transport, and hepatic regulation in dairy cows during transition and early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97(9): 5481-5490.
  34. Arfuso F, Fazio F, Levanti M, et al. Lipid and lipoprotein profile changes in dairy cows in response to late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. Arch Anim Breed 2016; 59: 429-434.
  35. Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, Raphael W. Adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling during the transition period of dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8(41): 1-12.
  36. Peterson RG, Waldern DE. Repeatabilities of serum constituents in Holstein–Friesians affected by feeding, age, lactation, and pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 1981; 64(5): 822-831.
  37. Urh C, Denißen J, Harder I, et al. Circulating adiponectin concentrations during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in high-yielding dairy cows: testing the effects of farm, parity, and dietary energy level in large animal numbers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69: 1-12.
  38. Singh SP, Häussler S, Heinz JF, et al. Lactation driven dynamics of adiponectin supply from different fat depots to circulation in cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 47: 35-46.
  39. Konstantinos K. The role of adiponectin in regulation of metabolism in dairy cows. PhD. Thesis. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK: 2012.
  40. Akgul G, Mecitoglu Z, Kucuksen DU, et al. Comparison of adiponectin levels and some metabolic parameters in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. Med Weter 2018; 74(3): 182-186.
  41. Ohtani Y, Takahashi T, Sato K, et al. Changes in circulating adiponectin and metabolic hormone concentrations during periparturient and lactation periods in Holstein dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2012; 83(12): 788-795.
  42. Weber C, Hametner C, Tuchscherer A, et al. Variation in fat mobilization during early lactation differently affects feed intake, body condition, and lipid and glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96(1): 165-180.
  43. Contreras GA, Thelen K, Schmidt SE, et al. Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99(12): 10009-10021.
  44. Weber M, Locher L, Huber K, et al. Longitudinal changes in adipose tissue of dairy cows from late pregnancy to lactation. Part 2: The SIRT-PPARGC1A axis and its relationship with the adiponectin system. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99(2): 1560-1570.
  45. Ishikawa Y, Nakada K, Hagiwara K, et al. Changes in interleukin-6 concentration in peripheral blood of pre- and post-partum dairy cattle and its relationship to postpartum reproductive diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66(11): 1403-1408.
  46. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, et al. Two types of murine helper T cell I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986; 136(7): 2348-2357.
  47. Wankhade PR, Manimaran A, Kumaresan A, et al. Rajendran D, Varghese MR. Metabolic and immune-logical changes in transition dairy cows: A review. Vet World 2017; 10(11): 1367-1377.
  48. Bradford BJ, Yuan K, Farney JK, et al. Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98(10): 6631-6650.
  49. Abuelo A, Hernández J, Benedito JL, et al. Redox biology in transition periods of dairy cattle: role in the health of periparturient and neonatal animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8(1): 20. doi: 10.3390/antiox8010020.
  50. Castillo C, Hernández J, Valverde I, et al. Plasma malonaldehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) during lactation in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80(2): 133-139.