Veterinary Research Forum

Abstract Aquaculture has a fundamental role in supporting global food security. In response to the escalating human requirement for protein, the production of aquatic species is expanding rapidly. Conversely, aquatic animals are frequently subjected to a variety of husbandry stress, including handling and high stocking densities. They trigger physiological stress responses negatively affecting biological processes, such as somatic growth, reproduction, and immune function, ultimately resulting in inferior performance and high mortality rates. Although antibiotics are still extensively employed, their persistent administration is associated with the emergence of bacterial resistance, destabilizes endogenous microbiota, and causes chemical residues accumulation within aquatic environments. Therefore, the industry has shifted towards eco-friendly therapeutic strategies. In this context, plant essential oils have emerged as promising feed additives. The EOs contain a rich array of bioactive compounds, possessing anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and immuno-stimulatory activities. The administration of EOs has been evaluated in a wide range of aquatic species to characterize their therapeutic potential and establish optimal inclusion levels. Research findings indicate that plant EOs represent effective substitutes for antibiotics, playing prominent roles in growth promotion, oxidative stress mitigation, and immune modulation. The present context reviews the beneficial roles of essential oils in modern aquaculture.