Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Plant Protection, Nuclear Agriculture School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
Abstract
Trichoderma species are considered as biological control agents against numerous phytopathogenic fungi. They are also helpful for plants as plant symbiont. This study aimed to identify harmful effects of Trichoderma in laboratory animals. In the first step, inhalation toxicity was studied. Six rats as control received a spray of bio-formulation without spores. Ten rats as treatment A received 1.00 × 106 colony-forming unit (CFU) of Trichoderma spores and ten rats as treatment B received 1.00 × 107 CFU per test of Trichoderma spores. The harmful effects of Trichoderma were obvious especially in the lungs, liver and kidney, and some blood parameters were abnormal. In the second step, we studied acute oral toxicity by gavage. Four rats as control received bio-formulation without spores. Six rats as treatment A received 1.00 × 106 CFU per test of Trichoderma spores. Six rats as treatment B received 1.00 × 107 CFU per test of Trichoderma spores. The harmful effects of Trichoderma were noticeable more in the liver and kidney tissues. For dermal toxicity study, two rabbits as control received bio-formulation without spores by rubbing on the surface of the skin. Treatment groups A and B received 1.00 × 106 and 1.00 × 107 CFU per test of Trichoderma spores, respectively (four rabbits for each group). The liver and kidney and some blood parameters were abnormal. Trichoderma has some harmful effects on tissues and organs and although it is a natural product, it should be used under cautions.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Sahampoor L, Zaker Tavallaie F, Fani SR, et al. In vitro efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum mutants in biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. J Crop Prot 2020; 9(2): 285-300.
- Harman GE. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 2006; 96(2): 190-194.
- Lava A, Babaeizad V, Tajick Ghanbary MA, et al. Effects of Trichoderma and endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on cucumber physiology and Fusarium wilt disease of Cucumber. Annals of RSCB 2021; 25(4): 20742-20755.
- Orojnia S, Habibi D, Shahbazi S, et al. Investigation the effect of different formulations of mutated trichoderma with gamma ray on soybean morpho-logical indices [Persian]. Crop Physiol IZU Ahvaz 2021; 12(48): 97-115.
- Abdel-Latif AMH, Haggag WM. Biocontrol potential of salinity tolerant mutants of Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium oxysporum. Braz J microbiol 2006; 37(2): 181-191.
- Lopes DS, Dos Santos UR, Dos Anjos DO, et al. Ethanolic extract of the fungus Trichoderma asperelloides induces ultrastructural effects and death on Leishmania amazonensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10: 306. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00306.
- de Souza Maia Filho F, da Silva Fonseca AO, Persici BM, et al. Trichoderma virens as a biocontrol of Toxocara canis: in vivo evaluation. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34(1): 32-35.
- Abd El-Rahman AA, El-Shafei SM, Ivanova EV, et al. Cytotoxicity of Trichoderma cultural filtrate against human cervical and breast cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15(17): 7229-7234.
- Munoz FM, Demmler GJ, Travis WR, et al. Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection in a pediatric patient with aplastic anemia. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(2): 499-503.
- Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Singh US, et al. Trichoderma: biology and applications. London, UK: CAB International 2013; 1-10.
- Trabelsi S, Hariga D, Khaled S. First case of Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection in a renal transplant recipient in Tunisia and review of the literature. Tunis Med 2010; 88(1): 52-57.
- Chouaki T, Lavarde V, Lachaud L, et al. Invasive infections due to Trichoderma species: report of 2 cases, findings of in vitro susceptibility testing, and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35(11): 1360-1367.
- Tang P, Mohan S, Sigler L, et al. Allergic fungal sinusitis associated with Trichoderma longibrachiatum. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41(11): 5333-5336.
- Akagi T, Kawamura C, Terasawa N, et al. suspected pulmonary infection with Trichoderma longibrachiatum after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Intern Med 2017; 56(2): 215-219.
- Scharf DH, Remme N, Heinekamp T, et al. Transannular disulfide formation in gliotoxin biosynthesis and its role in self-resistance of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132(29): 10136-10141.
- Ghasemi S, Safaie N, Shahbazi S, et al. The role of cell wall degrading enzymes in antagonistic traits of Trichoderma virens against Rhizoctonia solani. Iran J Biotechnol 2020; 18(4): e2333. doi: 10.30498/ IJB.2020.2333.
- Soufi E, Safaie N, Shahbazi S, et al. Gamma irradiation induces genetic variation and boosting antagonism in Trichoderma aureoviride. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 2021; 54: 1649-1674.
- Schuster A, Schmoll M. Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87(3): 787-799.
- Shahbazi S, Zaker Tavallaie F, Daroodi Z. Morphological and molecular identification of Fusarium associated with carnation Dianthus caryophyllus in Mahallat, Iran. J Crop Prot 2021; 10(3): 461-471.
- Zin NA, Badaluddin NA. Biological functions of Trichoderma for agriculture applications. Ann Agri Sci 2020; 65: 168-178.
- Harman GE. Myths and dogmas of biocontrol changes in perceptions derived from research on Trichoderma harzianum Plant Dis 2000; 84(4): 377-393.
- Kantarcioğlu AS, Celkan T, Yücel A, et al. Fatal Trichoderma harzianum infection in a leukemic pediatric patient. Med Mycol 2009; 47(2):207-215.
- Prelle A, Spadaro D, Garibaldi A, et al. A new method for detection of five alternaria toxins in food matrices based on LP-APCI-MS. Food Chem 2013; 140(1-2): 161-167.
- Larsen FO, Clementsen P, Hansen M, et al. The indoor microfungus Trichoderma viride potentiates histamine release from human bronchoalveolar cells. APMIS1996; 104(9): 673-679.
- Zeilinger S, Gruber S, Bansal R, et al. Secondary metabolites in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics. Fungal Biol Rev 2016; 30(2): 74-90.
- Woo SL, Ruocco M, Vinale F, et al. Trichoderma-based products and their widespread Use in agriculture. Open Mycol J 2014; 8: 71-126.
- Vidal-García M, Redrado S, Domingo MP, Marquina P, et al. Production of the invasive Aspergillosis biomarker Bis (methylthio) gliotoxin within the genus Aspergillus: In Vitro and in Vivo metabolite quantification and genomic analysis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9: 1246. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01246
- Vargas WA, Mukherjee PK, Laughlin D, et al. Role of gliotoxin in the symbiotic and pathogenic interactions of Trichoderma virens. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160(Pt 10): 2319-2330.
- Topolovec-Pintarić S. Trichoderma: Invisible partner for visible impact on agriculture. IntechOpen 2019; doi:10.5772/intechopen.83363.
)