Embryology
Hossain Hassanpour; Ali Kadivar; Pejman Mirshokraei; Hassan Nazari; Azita Afzali; Maryam Badisanaye
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2015, , Pages 125-130
Abstract
Sertoli cells are an essential group of cells in seminiferous epithelium which provide nutritional and structural supports for spermatogenic cells via cell junctions. In this study, the gene expression of connexin-43, the most abundantly distributed gap junction protein of cells, was investigated in ...
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Sertoli cells are an essential group of cells in seminiferous epithelium which provide nutritional and structural supports for spermatogenic cells via cell junctions. In this study, the gene expression of connexin-43, the most abundantly distributed gap junction protein of cells, was investigated in ram Sertoli cells under mild and severe heat stresses with real-time quantitative PCR. Sertoli cells were isolated from testes of 10 lambs. After culture and 3 passages, they were treated with mild (39 ˚C) and severe (42 ˚C) heat stress for 6 hr. The results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of live cells under severe heat stress compared to the control group (32 ˚C), (p <0.05). Relative quantification analysis revealed significantly higher (3.80 fold increase) values of connexin-43 transcripts in severely heat stressed group than control group (p <0.05). It is concluded that challenging Sertoli cells with 42 ˚C heat could threaten their survival, and overexpression of connexin-43 may cause dysfunction of Sertoli cells due to heat stress. These findings can be useful to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in adverse effects of heat stress on male reproduction and enhance our understanding of its pathogenesis.
Theriogenology
Siamak Kazemi-Darabadi; Reza Asadpour; Amir Ali Shahbazfar; Sajjad Alizadeh
Volume 10, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 125-132
Abstract
Testicular torsion is a consequence of spermatic cord twisting which causes progressive damage to the structure of the testis and reduces sperm quality and usually results in infertility. In the present study, with the assumption of the protective effects of L-carnitine and betamethasone against ischemia-reperfusion ...
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Testicular torsion is a consequence of spermatic cord twisting which causes progressive damage to the structure of the testis and reduces sperm quality and usually results in infertility. In the present study, with the assumption of the protective effects of L-carnitine and betamethasone against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries, their effects on twisted testicles were evaluated and compared. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and used in this study. Except for the Sham (S) group, testicular IR was induced surgically in three other groups, including Control (C), Betamethasone (BM), and L-carnitine (LC) groups. Betamethasone and L-carnitine were injected before detorsion in the BM and LC groups, respectively. After twelve hours of reperfusion, the testicles were detached, and prepared for sperm parameters evaluation such as sperm count, motility, viability, morphology, and chromatin quality, and histopathologic evaluations, including mean seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD), germinal epithelial cell thickness (GECT), and Johnsen’s mean testicular biopsy scoring (MTBS). The MSTD, GECT, and healthy sperms in the C group were significantly lower than the other groups, while the BM and LC groups were significantly different from others in MTBS. The number of sperms and sperm motility in the BM group was significantly higher than the C group. Sperm viability in the BM and LC groups were significantly higher than the C group. The results of this study showed that both L-carnitine and betamethasone similarly can be effective in treating testicular IR injuries.
Navideh Mirzakhani; Amir Abbas Farshid; Ali-Asghar Tehrani; Esmaeal Tamaddonfard; Mehdi Imani
Volume 11, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 127-134
Abstract
Capparis spinosa L. has many biological effects such as antioxidant properties. In the present study, we compared the effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa fruit, quercetin (Q), and vitamin E (Vit E) on monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity. The following groups were designed: ...
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Capparis spinosa L. has many biological effects such as antioxidant properties. In the present study, we compared the effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa fruit, quercetin (Q), and vitamin E (Vit E) on monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity. The following groups were designed: Control groups (normal saline and/or corn oil); MSG group (4.00 g kg-1 MSG); MSG + low dose extract group (4.00 g kg-1 MSG with 100.00 mg kg-1 extract); MSG + high dose extract (HDE) group (4.00 g kg-1 MSG with 300.00 mg kg-1 extract); MSG + Q group (4.00 g kg-1 MSG with 10.00 mg kg-1 Q); MSG + Vit E group (4.00 g kg-1 MSG with 200.00 mg kg-1 Vit E). All chemicals were orally administered for 14 consecutive days. Tissue specimens from the heart, kidney, and liver tissues and blood samples were collected for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. The results showed that the MSG-induced tissue edema, congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration were resolved by HDE, Q, and Vit E treatments. These chemicals also restored tissue malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity. Besides, alterations induced by MSG in serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase-MB were also resolved. It is concluded that Capparis spinosa fruit extract, Q and Vit E can produce approximately similar protective effects on tissue function through oxidative stress alleviation and antioxidant mechanisms restoration.
Clinical Pathology
Mahsa Hasanzadeh-Moghadam; Mohammad Hassan Khadem-Ansari; Gholam Hossein Farjah; Yousef Rasmi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2018, , Pages 129-135
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is commonly considered as a leading cause of cardiovascular disease taking the lives of seven million people annually. Liver dysfunction is associated with cardiac diseases. The profile of abnormal liver functions in heart failure is not clearly defined. This study was designed ...
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Myocardial infarction is commonly considered as a leading cause of cardiovascular disease taking the lives of seven million people annually. Liver dysfunction is associated with cardiac diseases. The profile of abnormal liver functions in heart failure is not clearly defined. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of betaine on liver injury after myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline in rats. Forty-eight male rats were divided into four groups: the control group received normal diet and the experimental groups received 50, 150, and 250 mg kg-1 body weight of betaine daily through gastric gavages for 60 days. All of experimental and control groups experienced myocardial infarction, induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 mg kg-1 isoprenaline in two consecutive doses )8:00 AM to 8:00 PM). Liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were significantly reduced in the groups treated with betaine, compared with the control group. The total antioxidant capacity in the experimental groups, treated with betaine, showed a significant increase, compared with the control group. In the control group, severe lesions were created in the liver tissue, while degenerative changes of liver tissue significantly reduced in groups treated with different doses of betaine, showing the repair of liver tissue. Betaine decreased apoptosis in the experimental groups in comparison with the control group. Betaine showed a protective effect against biochemical and histological changes in liver tissue caused by the induction of myocardial infarction via isoprenaline injection.
Safoura Ghadirian; Nasser Vesal
Volume 4, Issue 3 , September 2013, , Pages 161-167
Abstract
This blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (BPB) in sheep. Nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine ...
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This blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (BPB) in sheep. Nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine 2%, 5 mg kg-1 (LID, n = 6), lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with epinephrine 5 µg mL-1 (LIDEP, n = 6) or lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1 (LIDXY, n = 6). Each animal was tested twice. The sheep received a total volume of 0.25 mL kg-1 for BPB. A nerve stimulator was used to locate the nerves of the brachial plexus. Onset and duration of analgesia of the forelimb were evaluated using superficial and deep pin prick and pinching of skin with a hemostat clamp. Heart and respiratory rates, and rectal temperature were recorded before and at predetermined intervals following the completion of the block. Brachial administration of LID, LIDEP or LIDXY produced forelimb analgesia within 11.3, 11.0 and 7.0 minutes, respectively. The mean duration of analgesia was 100.0 min in LID and 133.2 min in LIDEP group. The mean duration of analgesia in LIDXY group (186.8 min) was significantly longer compared with LID group. In LIDEP group a significant increase in heart rate occurred 5 min after drug administration. Heart rate decreased from 35 to 80 minin sheep received LIDXY. In conclusion, the addition of xylazine to lidocaine solution for BBP provided a prolonged duration of action without any adverse effects in fat-tailed sheep.
Emad Khalilzadeh; Esmaeal Tamaddonfard; Amir-Abbas Farshid; Amir Erfanparast
Volume 1, Issue 3 , December 2010, , Pages 166-173
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of intra-dentate gyrus microinjection of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and thioperamide (an antagonist of histamine H3 receptors) in the formalin test in rats. Subcutaneous injection of formalin (50 μl, 2.5 %) in the ventral surface of right hind paw produced ...
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The present study investigated the effects of intra-dentate gyrus microinjection of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and thioperamide (an antagonist of histamine H3 receptors) in the formalin test in rats. Subcutaneous injection of formalin (50 μl, 2.5 %) in the ventral surface of right hind paw produced a biphasic pattern (first phase: 0-5 min and second phase: 15 - 60 min) of licking/biting and shaking of the injected paw. Intra-dentate gyrus microinjections of thioperamide (2 and 4 μg) significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the pain responses. Microinjections of naloxone (1, 2 and 4 μg) alone into the dentate gyrus non-significantly increased the intensity of pain. Pretreatment with naloxone (4 μg) significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the antinociceptive effect of thioperamide (4 μg). The results indicated that at the level of the dentate gyrus, blockade of histamine H3 receptors with thioperamide produced an analgesic effect. This thioperamide-induced antinociception may be mediated through the endogenous opioid system.
Abdolrasoul Malekpour; Farhad Rahmanifar
Volume 12, Issue 2 , June 2021, , Pages 167-173
Abstract
Histomorphometry and use of the fast free of acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) protocol were studied on the sciatic nerve in chicken (Gallus domesticus). In the first part of the study, the sciatic nerves of 20 chickens of four age groups (7, 14, 26 and 40 days) were studied (n=5 birds per age class). ...
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Histomorphometry and use of the fast free of acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) protocol were studied on the sciatic nerve in chicken (Gallus domesticus). In the first part of the study, the sciatic nerves of 20 chickens of four age groups (7, 14, 26 and 40 days) were studied (n=5 birds per age class). Their sciatic nerve samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome and were histomorphometrically evaluated. In the second part of the study, FACT protocol was applied on the sciatic nerve of a 26 days old chicken. After clearing of 1.00 mm-thick sciatic nerve sections, they were immunolabelled using Hoechst for nuclei staining and recorded by a Z-stack motorized fluorescent microscope. In the conventional histo-morphometry, the epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium were thicker and the nerve bundle diameter was bigger in the left sciatic nerve of chicken of all age groups compared to the right sciatic nerve. On the contrary, the axon diameter and the myelinated nerve fiber diameter were bigger, the myelin sheath was thicker, the nodes of Ranvier intervals were higher and the density of myelinated nerve fibers was also higher in the right sciatic nerve compared to the left one. In conclusion, histomorphometric parameters in the left and right sciatic nerve during chicken growth were significantly different. Furthermore, the FACT protocol could be used for the 3D imaging of the chicken sciatic nerve and its immunostained evaluation.
Gholamreza Najafi; Farhad Soltanalinejad; Hossein Dehghani
Volume 2, Issue 3 , September 2011, , Pages 177-181
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system consists of a vast range of nerves and ganglions. Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the sympathetic innervations of the head and neck are affected by the neurons that ramify from the cranial cervical ganglion (CCG). The CCG is the end of the sympathetic cervical trunk, ...
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The autonomic nervous system consists of a vast range of nerves and ganglions. Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the sympathetic innervations of the head and neck are affected by the neurons that ramify from the cranial cervical ganglion (CCG). The CCG is the end of the sympathetic cervical trunk, which runs with the vagal nerve during its cervical course. In this study sixteen adult (2 - 5 year) river buffalo of both sexes (eight male, eight female) weighing around 250 - 450 kg were dissected to investigate the weight, situation and arrangement of nerve branches of the cranial cervical ganglion bilaterally. The ganglions showed a fusiform shape and reddish in color. The cranial cervical ganglion covered by the digastricus muscle. It lies in dorsal region of the base of epiglottic cartilage, ventromedial to tympanic bulla and ventrally to atlantic fossa, and medial of the occipital artery. This study showed that the cranial cervical ganglions in river buffalo were well-developed structure. The main branches of cranial cervical ganglion included the internal carotid, external carotid and jugular nerves.
Hassan Hassanzadazar; Ali Ehsani; Karim Mardani; Javad Hesari
Volume 3, Issue 3 , September 2012, , Pages 181-185
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains are a major part of the probiotics, microflora of the intestine and of fermented dairy products, and are found in a variety of environments. The aim of this study was to find out the ability of bile and acid tolerance and antibacterial properties of the twenty eight isolates of ...
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Lactobacillus strains are a major part of the probiotics, microflora of the intestine and of fermented dairy products, and are found in a variety of environments. The aim of this study was to find out the ability of bile and acid tolerance and antibacterial properties of the twenty eight isolates of three group lactobacilli namely Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus delbruki. For this purpose Twenty eight different Lactobacillus strains that isolated from Koozeh cheese as a traditional cheese were screened. The acid tolerance test was studied under pH 2.0 and 3.0 with 7.5 as control. The cell count for the acid tolerance test was obtained at an interval of 0, 1, 2 and 3 hours respectively and was pour plated on Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar to be incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. All cells were selected for bile tolerance test in MRS broth containing bile concentrations of 0% as control and 0.3% as test. Then cell counts were enumerated after 24 hours of incubation on MRS agar. Results showed twenty seven isolates did not have ability to tolerate acid and bile salts and antimicrobial activity against four indicator bacteria included Eshirichia coli, Listeria monocytogenesis, bacillus cereus, Salmonella entritidis. Only one Isolate namely Lactobacillus casei could tolerate acid and bile salt and had antibacterial activity against of L. monocytogenesis. Therefore we can consider this strain as a native probiotic but extra examinations was required.
Mohammad Javad Mehrabanpour; Setareh Khoobyar; Abdollah Rahimian; Mohammad Bagher Nazari; Mohammad Reza Keshtkar
Volume 5, Issue 3 , July 2014, , Pages 187-191
Abstract
Despite routine vaccination programs against Newcastle disease (ND), sporadic cases have occasionally occurred that remain a constant threat to commercial poultry. Ten isolates of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) from infected broiler chicken cases were obtained from various locations in Fars province ...
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Despite routine vaccination programs against Newcastle disease (ND), sporadic cases have occasionally occurred that remain a constant threat to commercial poultry. Ten isolates of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) from infected broiler chicken cases were obtained from various locations in Fars province during 2009-2011 and genetically analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) with primers specific to the viral fusion (F) protein- gene. The viruses were confirmed as NDV by hemagglutination inhibition assay and RT- PCR. The isolates based on the sequence and phylogenetic analyses of partial F gene were genotypically analyzed by RT PCR. In the present investigation, the pathogenicity of NDV strains was determined by internationally recognized test mean death time (MDT). Analysis based on F gene showed that characterized isolates possess three different types of protease cleavage site motifs and appear to show maximum identities with isolates in the region. The subsequent phylogenetic analysis was implemented using MEGA and the phylogenetic tree. The results of RT-PCR and MDT showed that 10 isolates were positive for NDV, (60% velogenic, 30% mesogenic and 10% lentogenic). The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that 10 NDV isolates from Iran belong to the class II, genotype III viruses. This information is fundamental to improve the efficacy of controlling strategies and vaccine development for NDV.
Immunology
Mojgan Esparvarinha; Hamid Nickho; Leili Aghebati; Jalal Abdolalizadeh; Hadi Nasiri; Zahra Valedkarimi; Jafar Majidi
Volume 10, Issue 3 , September 2019, , Pages 207-211
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies against kappa light chain are used to diagnose diseases producing free light chain. The kappa and lambda light chains are products of immunoglobulin synthesis and released into the circulation in minor amounts such as serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and synovial fluid in normal ...
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Polyclonal antibodies against kappa light chain are used to diagnose diseases producing free light chain. The kappa and lambda light chains are products of immunoglobulin synthesis and released into the circulation in minor amounts such as serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and synovial fluid in normal condition. The purpose of this study was the production and purification of polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) against human kappa light chains. In this study, early human IgG was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, reduced with Dithiothreitol and heavy and light chains were separated with size-exclusion chromatography. Afterward, affinity chromatography with protein L Sepharose at pH 2.00 was displayed to be a dominant condition for the separation and purification of the kappa light chain of immunoglobulins from human serum. Eventually, the rabbit was immunized by human kappa light chains. The rabbit IgG was purified and labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was planned to determine the titer of HRP conjugated rabbit IgG against the human kappa light chain. The optimum titer of anti-kappa IgG was 1:16000. At the result, purified polyclonal anti-kappa is useful tool in biomedical and biochemical researches and diagnostic kits.
Aidin Rahim Tayefeh; Massoud Talebkhan Garoussi; Farid Heidari; Mehran Bakhshesh; Abulfazl Shirazi; Maryam Vahidi
Volume 14, Issue 4 , April 2023, , Pages 207-212
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral agent causing reproductive failure in cattle. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the interaction between two BVDV biotypes, cytopathic (CP) and Non-cytopathic (NCP) and bovine gametes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) processing, ...
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral agent causing reproductive failure in cattle. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the interaction between two BVDV biotypes, cytopathic (CP) and Non-cytopathic (NCP) and bovine gametes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) processing, the existence of the virus within embryonic cells and early embryonic development rates. Sperm and ova were exposed separately to CP and NCP BVDV at two concentrations of 104.5 and 105.5 tissue culture infectious dose 50.00% (TCID50) mL-1 prior to IVF, respectively. After five days post-IVF, early embryonic development rates of infected groups were assessed. Several embryos of each group, normal and degenerated, were selected for a viral assay using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The result showed that the early embryonic development rates were decreased in treatment groups. The rates in the CP groups were lower than the NCP groups. In the CP groups, the proportions were, respectively, 10.00, 6.00 and 11.00, and 6.00% in the infected sperm and oocyte groups (104.5 and 105.5 TCID50 mL-1) that were higher than 50.00% in the control group. In NCP groups, the rates were, respectively, 25.00, 18.00 and 24.00, and 21.00% in the infected groups compared to 48.00% in the control group. In the CP groups, no BVDV was detected in normal embryos, whereas, all degenerated embryos were completely virus-positive. In the NCP groups, the virus was detected in both normal and degenerated embryos. In conclusion, this study supported detrimental impacts of CP and NCP BVDV on early embryonic development and the role of sperm and the zona pellucida layer as carriers of the virus.
Immunology
Fereshteh Yazdani; Mehran Bakhshesh; Majid Esmaelizad; Zohre Azita Sadigh
Volume 8, Issue 3 , September 2017, , Pages 209-213
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is an acute and arthropod-borne viral disease of cattle and water buffalo which occurs seasonally in most of the world tropical and subtropical regions. The epizootic feature of the disease has been reported in Iran with serious economic consequences. The surface glycoprotein G ...
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Bovine ephemeral fever is an acute and arthropod-borne viral disease of cattle and water buffalo which occurs seasonally in most of the world tropical and subtropical regions. The epizootic feature of the disease has been reported in Iran with serious economic consequences. The surface glycoprotein G of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is composed of 4 antigenic sites (G1-G4) and plays the main role for eliciting neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. The G1 – epitope is a linear antigenic site and conserved among BEFV strains. In order to develop an ELISA test based on G1-epitope as coating antigen, this study was carried out to express the recombinant G1-epitope of BEFV in prokaryotic system. Using PCR and specific primers, a length of 88 amino acid of the G glycoprotein of BEFV including G1- epitope was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pGEX-4T-1, with the GST moiety. The recombinant plasmid (pGEX-4T-1-G1) was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 and expression of fusion protein was induced by 0.10 mM IPTG. The maximum expression of the fusion protein was obtained at 16 hr post induction as verified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and it was also confirmed that this protein bearing G1- epitope is sufficiently biologically active to bind to anti-BEFV serum in western blot experiment.
Theriogenology
Sayed Mortaza Alavi Shoushtari; Siamak Asri Rezaie; Amir Khaki; Abulfazl Belbasi; Hamid Tahmasebian
Volume 6, Issue 3 , September 2015, , Pages 211-215
Abstract
To investigate uterine fluid and serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) variations during the estrous cycle in water buffaloes, 71 genital tracts and blood samples were collected from the abattoir in Urmia, Iran. The phase of the estrous cycle was determined by examining ovarian structures; 18, 15, 16 and 22 ...
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To investigate uterine fluid and serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) variations during the estrous cycle in water buffaloes, 71 genital tracts and blood samples were collected from the abattoir in Urmia, Iran. The phase of the estrous cycle was determined by examining ovarian structures; 18, 15, 16 and 22 were pro-estrous, estrous, met-estrous and diestrous, respectively. The uterine fluid was collected by gentle scraping of the uterine mucosa with a curette. Blood serum and uterine fluid samples of 71 pre-pubertal buffalo calves were also collected and treated in similar manners. The mean (± SEM) total serum (77.10 ± 1.50 µg dL-1) and uterine fluid (296.40 ± 9.40 μg dL-1) Cu in cyclic cows was higher than the values of 54.00 ± 1.10 μg dL-1 and 133.40 ± 5.70 μg dL-1 in pre-pubertal calves, respectively. Blood serum (114.60 ± 3.20 μg dL-1) and the uterine fluid (349.90 ± 8.90 μg dL-1) Zn content in cyclic cows were also higher than those (98.80 ± 1.50 μg dL-1 and 246.6 ± 4.50 μg dL-1 respectively) in pre-pubertal calves. Serum Cu in pro-estrus and estrus were lower than those in other stages and also lower than those in the uterine fluid. The lowest serum Zn content was recorded in pro- and met-estrus, while in the uterine fluid it was observed in estrus. In all stages of estrous cycle the uterine fluid Zn content was significantly higher than those of the serum. These results suggested that during the estrous cycle in the buffalo cows, Cu and Zn were actively secreted in uterine lumen and were not dependent on blood serum. The values also increased after puberty.
Food Hygiene
Yasser Shahbazi
Volume 7, Issue 3 , September 2016, , Pages 213-219
Abstract
Doogh is the most popular and commonly consumed yoghurt-based Iranian drink. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) at 0.10 and 0.20% concentrations, nisin at 250 and 500 IU mL-1, and their combination against Salmonella typhimurium ...
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Doogh is the most popular and commonly consumed yoghurt-based Iranian drink. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) at 0.10 and 0.20% concentrations, nisin at 250 and 500 IU mL-1, and their combination against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcusaureus in doogh during storage at 4 ˚C for 9 days. Nine batches were studied as follows: control: no ZEO or nisin added, A: 0.10% ZEO, B: 0.20% ZEO, C: 250 IU mL-1 nisin, D: 500 IU mL-1 nisin, E: 0.10% ZEO + 250 IU mL-1 nisin, F: 0.10% ZEO + 500 IU mL-1 nisin, G: 0.20% ZEO + 250 IU mL-1 nisin and H: 0.20% ZEO + 500 IU mL-1 nisin. Based on gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry, carvacrol (65.22%), thymol (19.51%), p-cymene (4.86%) and ɣ-terpinene (4.63%) were the major components of ZEO. The populations of S. typhimurium and S.aureus in samples treated with all concentrations of the ZEO and nisin were kept below 1 log CFU mL-1 on day 5 of storage, while the count of S. typhimurium and S.aureus was found as 2.72 ± 0.02 and 2.21 ± 0.00 log CFU mL-1 on day 5 for untreated samples, respectively. The ZEO separately and in combination with nisin, was very effective against these two common food-borne pathogens. The ZEO alone and in combination with nisin could be considered as a potential strong antimicrobial agent that can be used for the growth inhibition of aforementioned bacteria in food products especially doogh.
Saeid Hosseinzadeh; Mojtaba Kafi; Mostafa Pour-Teimouri
Volume 4, Issue 4 , December 2013, , Pages 227-231
Abstract
Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv), is regarded as one of the major threats to the cattle industry around the world. Abortion and infertility are two important reproductive problems in cows infected with C. fetus subsp. venerealis. Reports on the ...
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Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv), is regarded as one of the major threats to the cattle industry around the world. Abortion and infertility are two important reproductive problems in cows infected with C. fetus subsp. venerealis. Reports on the presence of Cfv are scarce in the cattle, in Iran. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the presence of Cfv in the reproductive tract of dairy cattle either slaughtered in Shiraz abattoir or dairy herds with a history of infertility and abortion, and further to identify and differentiate this micro-organism in dairy cattle in Fars, south of Iran. A total of 95 smegma samples from the preputial cavity and the fornix of the cervical opening were collected using scraping method from bulls (n = 34) and cows (n = 61) in addition to eight samples of commercially bull frozen semen. Smegma samples were then cultured for isolation of Cfv and then the extracted DNA was examined for the presence of Cfv using an optimized multiplex PCR assay. None of the frozen semen samples examined were positive for Cfv. However, out of 95 smegma samples, thirteen animals (12.6%) were found positive for Cfv consisting of 3 males and 10 females. In conclusion, the results of the current study clearly confirmed the presence of Cfv using PCR in the slaughtered cattle and dairy farms with a history of poor fertility and abortion in Fars, Iran.
Embryology
Farnam Azad; Vahid Nejati; Ali Shalizar-Jalali; Gholamreza Najafi; Fatemeh Rahmani
Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2018, , Pages 231-238
Abstract
This study evaluated the possible protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on sperm parameters and sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and in vitro fertilizing potential in nicotine (NIC) exposed male mice. Thrtiy-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 received ...
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This study evaluated the possible protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on sperm parameters and sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and in vitro fertilizing potential in nicotine (NIC) exposed male mice. Thrtiy-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received 100 mg kg-1 per day RJ, groups 3 and 4 received NIC at doses of 0.50 and 1.00 mg kg-1 per day, respectively and groups 5 and 6 received NIC at doses of 0.50 and 1.00 mg kg-1 per day, respectively plus RJ. Caudal epididymal sperm characteristics, lipid peroxidation and in vitro fertilizing capacity and embryo development were evaluated after 35 days. The NIC treatment caused a significant decrease in sperm motility and viability and fertilization rate along with poor blastocyst formation and increased sperm DNA damage and MDA levels. Moreover, the incidences of chromatin abnormality in spermatozoa were significantly higher in NIC-exposed mice than those of control. Nevertheless, RJ treatment improved sperm parameters and in vitro fertilization outcome as well as sperm lipid peroxidation level. Data from the current study suggest that RJ has a potential repro-protective action against NIC-induced sperm abnormalities and embryotoxicity in mice.
Soraya Naem; Tahmineh Gorgani
Volume 2, Issue 4 , December 2011, , Pages 238-241
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine parasitic infection of sheep with gastrointestinal helminthes in a slaughterhouse in Fereidoonkenar city, Iran. A total number of 50 sheep were examined from April to September 2008. Nematodes were removed from abomasums, small and large intestines, and ...
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The present study was carried out to determine parasitic infection of sheep with gastrointestinal helminthes in a slaughterhouse in Fereidoonkenar city, Iran. A total number of 50 sheep were examined from April to September 2008. Nematodes were removed from abomasums, small and large intestines, and kept in A.F.A. solution (alcohol, formaldeyde, acetic acid, distilled water, and glycerine) for further diagnosis. Cestodes were removed from small intestine, washed with water, and stained with carmine acid. The results of this study indicated that 70% of examined animals were infected as follows: Ostertagia circumcincta and Marshallagia marshalli (38%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (16%), Nematodirus spathiger (14%), Skrjabinema ovis (12%), Haemonchus contortus (10%), Camelostrongylus mentolatus (4%), and Gongylonema pulchrum, Cooperia punctata, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Chabertia ovina (2%). Among examined animals, 14% infected with Moniezia expansa, 10% with Avitellina centripunctata and 2% with Helicometra giardi. The infection rate in younger animals was higher than in adults. The maximum infection rate was with O. circumcincta and M. marshali. No infection was found in examined rumens.
Somaye Javidanpour; Seyed Reza Fatemi Tabtabaei; Amir Siahpoosh; Hasan Morovati; Ali Shahriari
Volume 3, Issue 4 , December 2012, , Pages 251-255
Abstract
There is some report about the hypoglycemic effect of Juglans rejia L. leaf in alloxan induced diabetic rats and hypoglycemic effect of its fruit peel administered intra peritoneally. Thirty male Wistar rats divided into five groups, to evaluate the hypoglycemic and pancreas β-cells regenerative ...
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There is some report about the hypoglycemic effect of Juglans rejia L. leaf in alloxan induced diabetic rats and hypoglycemic effect of its fruit peel administered intra peritoneally. Thirty male Wistar rats divided into five groups, to evaluate the hypoglycemic and pancreas β-cells regenerative effects of oral methanolic extracts of leaf and fruit peel of walnut. Rats were made diabetic by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 mg kg-1 streptozotocin (STZ). Negative control group did not get STZ and any treatment. Positive control, leaf extract, peel extract and insulin groups were treated orally by extract solvent, 200 mg kg-1 leaf extract, 200 mg kg-1 peel extract and 5 IU kg-1 of subcutaneous neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, respectively. Four weeks later, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and pancreases were removed for β-cells counts in histological sections. Diabetes leads to increase of fast blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c, and decrease of β-cell number and insulin. FBS decreased only in leaf extract group. HbA1c decreased in leaf extract and insulin groups. The β-cells number increased in leaf and peel extract groups. Insulin increased moderately in all treatment groups. We showed the proliferative properties of leaves and peel of Juglans regia L. methanolic extract in STZ- induced diabetic rats, which was accompanied by hypoglycemic effect of leaf extract.
Mosayeb Shalaei; Seyed Mohammad Hosseini; Emel Zergani
Volume 5, Issue 4 , December 2014, , Pages 277-286
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of antibiotic, organic acid, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on performance, egg shell quality, pH value of gastrointestinal (GI) tract and small intestinal morphology of laying hens. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 160 ...
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This study was performed to investigate the effects of antibiotic, organic acid, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on performance, egg shell quality, pH value of gastrointestinal (GI) tract and small intestinal morphology of laying hens. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 160 laying hens strain (W-36) from 32 to 42 weeks of age, with five treatments, four replicates and eight hens in each replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1-basal diet, 2-basal diet + 150 g per ton antibiotic (oxytetracycline), 3-basal diet + 3 kg per ton mixture of organic acids supplementation, 4- basal diet + 50 g per ton probiotic (protoxin) and 5-basal diet + 2 kg per ton prebiotic (mannan oligosaccharide). During the experimental period, performance characteristics were evaluated. At the end of experiment two birds per replicate was sacrificed for small intestinal morphology. The results showed that organic acid and mannan oligosaccharide significantly increased average egg weight. Also feed conversion ratio significantly improved by mannan oligosaccharide. Eggshell quality was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Regarding gastrointestinal tract characteristics, pH value of different parts of GI tract were significantly affected by dietary treatments. Villi height in duodenum by probiotic and in ileum by mannan oligosaccharide significantly increased. Villi width in duodenum by antibiotic and probiotic and in ileum by mannan oligosaccharide significantly increased. The number of goblet cells in duodenum by addition of antibiotic and in ileum by mannan oligosaccharide significantly increased. It was concluded that the use of organic acids and mannan oligosaccharide could have positive effects on performance of laying hens.
Leila Kianifard; Mohammad Yakhchali; Mehdi Imani
Volume 12, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 291-295
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. The proteases are essential for the survival of parasites. The present study was aimed to determine serine proteases activities in miracidia of F. hepatica and evaluate the effects of pH and different inhibitors on ...
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Fasciolosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. The proteases are essential for the survival of parasites. The present study was aimed to determine serine proteases activities in miracidia of F. hepatica and evaluate the effects of pH and different inhibitors on the serine proteases activities. Adult F. hepatica helminths were removed from naturally infected livers of the slaughtered cattle and crushed. The eggs were incubated at 28.00 ˚C for 16 days. The released miracidia were homogenized and total proteolytic activity of the extract of miracidia at different pH values were evaluated. Serine proteases activities were determined using specific substrates. The inhibitory effects of chemical and herbal inhibitors on the enzymes were also assessed. The extract of miracidia hydrolyzed azocasein with optimum activity at pH 8.00. The optimum pH effect on serine proteases activities was found at alkaline pH. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and Bowman-Birk inhibitors inhibited and decreased the proteases activities in the miracidia extract. It was concluded that there were proteases activities in miracidia of F. hepatica which were inhibited by chemical and herbal inhibitors.
Microbiology
Mohammad Mohsenzadeh; Kiarash Ghazvini; Amir Azimian
Volume 6, Issue 4 , December 2015, , Pages 295-299
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is generally regarded as a leading cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of agr groups and any possible relationship between agr groups and antibiotic resistance among S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Northeast ...
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Staphylococcus aureus is generally regarded as a leading cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of agr groups and any possible relationship between agr groups and antibiotic resistance among S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Northeast of Iran. For this purpose, a total of 300 bovine mastitic milk samples were taken from dairy industry farms of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. S. aureus were isolated and identified according to the standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted by disk diffusion method. In this study a total of 31 isolates of S. aureus were evaluated for agrD gene polymorphism by specific primers. Most of the isolates belonged to agr group I (54.8%), followed by agr group III (25.8%) and agr group II (19.4%). There was not any isolates belonging to group IV. Resistance to methicillin in agr group I isolates was more than other groups. Agr groups II and III were quite susceptible to methicillin. Due to high prevalent of S. aureus isolates and high antibiotic resistance rate in bovine mastitic isolates, it is important to verify the characteristics of S. aureus strains in Iran.
Parasitology
Sepideh Rajabi; Bijan Esmaeilnejad; Mousa Tavassoli
Volume 8, Issue 4 , December 2017, , Pages 299-306
Abstract
A total number of 450 blood samples were collected from 45 different randomly selected cattle herds. Light microscopic examination of blood smears revealed Babesia spp. infection in 4.2%, while 8.9% of blood samples were positive using PCR. Upon multiplex-PCR (mPCR), B. bigemina and B. bovis infections ...
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A total number of 450 blood samples were collected from 45 different randomly selected cattle herds. Light microscopic examination of blood smears revealed Babesia spp. infection in 4.2%, while 8.9% of blood samples were positive using PCR. Upon multiplex-PCR (mPCR), B. bigemina and B. bovis infections were detected in 37/40 (92.5%) and 3/40 (7.5%) samples, respectively. 530 ticks of 10 Ixodid species were collected from the same cattle. Hyalomma anatolicum was the most prevalent tick species (19.9%). An expected 520 bp fragment of Babesia spp. was generated in 22 (48.8%) of Rhpicephalus annulatus, 18 (40.0%) of R. bursa and 12 (30.0%) R. sanguineus sensu lato. The mPCR findings revealed that all infected ticks including R. annulatus, R. bursa and R. sanguineus were totally infected with B. bigemina. The DNA amplification of B. bovis and B. bigemina in egg samples showed that only B. bigemina was detected in two specimens of R. annulatus. It could be concluded that B. bigemina was the dominant causative agent in this region but the evidence of B. bovis infection of cattle in a few cases was noted, as well. The results suggested that B. bigemina and B. bovis could be detected in the DNA extracted from R. annulatus, R. bursa and R. sanguineus sensu lato confirming previous reports. Since B. bigemina is transmitted transovarially by R. annulatus, it might act as an important vector for B. bigemina.
Food Hygiene
Mehdi Fathollahi; Majid Aminzare; Mehran Mohseni; Hassan Hassanzadazar
Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 299-305
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the composition, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial effects of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica (baneh) essential oil on some important bacteria in food safety. Essential oil was derived using hydro-distillation method of the baneh fruits. Essential oil composition was ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the composition, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial effects of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica (baneh) essential oil on some important bacteria in food safety. Essential oil was derived using hydro-distillation method of the baneh fruits. Essential oil composition was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiaziline-6-sulfonate; ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity and Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenolic content of essential oil. The antibacterial effect of the essential oil against six pathogen bacteria was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and disc diffusion methods. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were main compounds of total identified constituents in the essential oil (approximately 93.50% and 5.45%, respectively). The main compounds were α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-pinene and γ-terpineol, respectively. The mean concentration of essential oil providing 50.00% inhibition was 7.54 ± 0.01 mg mL-1. Dose-dependent and scavenging activities were seen in DPPH and ABTS tests and total phenolic content within test range of concentrations (0.0625 to 4.00 mg mL-1). The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (48.67 ± 0.84%) was seen at a concentration of 4 mg mL-1. The responses of essential oil concentrations to ABTS assay were quite similar to the DPPH reaction, especially in higher concentrations. Both antimicrobial methods demonstrated that the essential oil had broader antibacterial effects against the Gram-positive bacteria than the tested Gram-negative bacteria. Essential oil of Pistachia atlantica subsp. kurdica can be one of the performing essential oils to be used as a preservative in food industry to increase food safety and reduce food pathogens risks.
Microbiology
Baharak Akhtardanesh; Reza Ghanbarpour; Sadaf Ganjalikhani; Parisa Gazanfari
Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2016, , Pages 301-308
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance genes, phylogenetic groups and anti-microbial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of healthy pet cats in Kerman city. Ninety E. coli isolates were recovered from obtained rectal swabs. Antibiotic resistance pattern ...
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The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance genes, phylogenetic groups and anti-microbial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of healthy pet cats in Kerman city. Ninety E. coli isolates were recovered from obtained rectal swabs. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates against seven selected antibiotic was determined using disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic background of the isolates was determined according to the presence of the chuA, yjaA and TspE4C2 markers. Theisolates were examined to determine a selection of antibiotic resistance genes including tetA, tetB, aadA, sulI and dhfrV by polymerase chain reaction. Forty two isolates (46.6%) were positive at least for one of the examined genes. Phylotyping revealed that the isolates are segregated in phylogenetic groups A (66.7%), B1 (1.2%), B2 (13.4%) and D (18.9%). Among 90 isolates, 26.6% were positive for tetB gene, 10.0% for cqnrS gene, 12.3% for sulI and aadA genes, 8.9% for tetA and 2.2% for dhfrVgene. None of the E. coli isolates were positive for qnrA and qnrB genes. Sixteen combination patterns of antibiotic resistance genes were identified which belonged to four phylogroups. Maximum and minimum resistant isolates were recorded against to tetracycline (82.3%) and gentamycin (1.2%), respectively. Fifteen antibiotic resistance patterns were determined in different phylo-genetic groups. In conclusion, feces of healthy pet cat in Kerman could be a source of antibiotic resistant E. coli isolates, whereas these isolates were distributed all over the main phylogroups.
