Veterinary Research Forum
Vet Res Forum

Evaluation of Newcastle disease virus vaccine effectiveness in dogs with neurological signs of canine distemper

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ali Asghar Sarchahi 1
Hadi Mohebalian 2
Mohammad Arbabi 3

1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2021.531605.3194
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is the cause of a highly lethal infectious disease affecting a broad range of carnivores. Despite using various treatments, there is still no effective treatment, especially in the neurological form of distemper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of injecting Newcastle disease vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with neurological form of distemper. The dogs that had symptoms of nervous distemper, particularly myoclonus, were included in the plan. After anesthetizing of dogs, 0.10 to 1.00 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were removed and, 0.10 to 0.50 mL of the prepared Newcastle solution were injected into their subarachnoid space. Another 0.50 to 1.00 mL of normal saline was then injected to remove the needle from the vaccine. The live attenuated LaSota or B1 vaccine was used in this study. Rapid kit tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to diagnose of the disease. Dogs were monitored for up to 3 to 24 months during that time they were evaluated for improvement or worsening of clinical symptoms. Out of nine dogs in which distemper were diagnosed with different tests, one dog recovered completely and another dog recovered greatly. Therefore, the overall recovery rate was 22.20%. It is concluded that administration of Newcastle vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with nervous distemper causes at least 22.20% improvement and does not cause specific side effects and can be used to treat affected dogs.

Keywords

Canine distemper
Myoclonus
Nervous distemper
Newcastle disease vaccine
  1. Amude AM, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Clinicopathological findings in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis presented without characteristic signs of the disease. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82(3): 416-422.
  2. Imhoff H, von Messling V, Herrler G, et al. Canine distemper virus infection requires cholesterol in the viral envelope. J Virol 2007; 81(8): 4158-4165.
  3. Lempp C, Spitzbarth I, Puff C, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses 2014; 6(7): 2571-2601.
  4. Xue X, Zhu Y, Yan L, et al. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against canine distemper virus infection in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:319. doi:1186/s12917-019-2057-8.
  5. Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, et al. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 127(1-2): 1-18.
  6. Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Effect of vaccination with recombinant canine distemper virus vaccine immediately before exposure under shelter-like conditions. Vet Ther 2006; 7(2): 113-118.
  7. An DJ, Kim TY, Song DS, et al. An immunochromato-graphy assay for rapid antemortem diagnosis of dogs suspected to have canine distemper. J Virol Methods 2008; 147(2): 244-249.
  8. Fischer CD, Ikuta N, Canal CW, et al. Detection and differentiation of field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus using reverse transcription followed by nested real time PCR (RT-nqPCR) and RFLP analysis. J Virol Methods 2013; 194(1-2): 39-45.
  9. Taylor SM. Neuromuscular disorders. In: Nelson RW, Couto CG (Eds). Small animal internal medicine. 5th St. Louis, USA: Mosby 2014; 966-1102.
  10. Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th St. Louis, USA: Elsevier Saunders 2012: 25-42.
  11. Destri A, Sánchez L, Stewart J, et al. Clinical, MRI and histopathological findings in a dog with distemper meningomyelitis. Vet Rec Case Rep 2020; 8(3): e001173. doi: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001173.
  12. Koutinas AF, Polizopoulou ZS, Baumgaertner W, et al. Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126(1): 47-56.
  13. Pinheiro AO, Cardoso MT, Vidane AS, et al. Controversial results of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells in the acute phase of canine distemper disease. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15(2). doi: 10.4238/gmr. 15028310.
  14. Bond E. Report on effectiveness of NDV treatments 2016. Available at: http://www.kindheartsinaction. com/archives/1353. Accessed Oct 08, 2022.
  15. De Lahunta A, Glass E, Kent M. Veterinary neuro-anatomy and clinical neurology, 4th St. Louis, USA: Elsevier, Saunders 2015; 516.
  16. Çomakli S, Özdemir S, Değirmençay Ş. Canine distemper virus induces downregulation of GABAA, GABAB, and GAT1 expression in brain tissue of dogs. Arch Virol 2020; 165(6): 1321-1331.
  17. Tipold A, Vandevelde M, Jaggy A. Neurological manifestations of canine distemper virus infection. J Small Anim Pract 1992; 33(10): 466-470.
  18. Sears A. Sears’ canine distemper treatment 2009. Available at: https://savedistemperdogs.com/2009/ 11/17/hello-world/ Accessed Oct 08, 2022.
  19. Ge J, Wang X, Tian M, et al. Recombinant Newcastle disease viral vector expressing hemagglutinin or fusion of canine distemper virus is safe and immunogenic in minks. Vaccine 2015; 33(21): 2457-2462.
Veterinary Research Forum
Volume 13, Issue 4
Autumn 2022
Pages 563-568

  • Receive Date 04 June 2021
  • Revise Date 09 September 2021
  • Accept Date 26 October 2021

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us