Veterinary Research Forum
Vet Res Forum

Comparison of anti-Leptospira antibodies by microscopic agglutination test in ruminants and equines of Urmia, Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Aligholi Ramin 1
Gholamreza Abdollahpour 2
Aadeh Hosseinzadeh 1
Farid Azzizzadeh 1
Pouya Ramin 3
Yousef Khalili 1
Davood Sanajoo 1
Sasan Iran Nejhad 1

1 Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Student of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2022.546475.3345
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, is characterized by fever, jaundice, abortion and hemo-globinuria. It is widespread and the determination of the dominant serotype in the animal species of each region accelerates the control and prevention program. 862 blood samples were prepared from ruminants and equines. Serum antibody of leptospira serovars were determined based on gender and age parameters. Sera were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with six live serotypes. The overall prevalence was 22.30%, with the highest (37.00%) and the lowest (6.60%) in Holsteins and mules, respectively. The overall male and female incidence were 12.20% and 9.86%, respectively, which was not different. The highest gender infection was in male Holsteins (19.20%) and the lowest were in male Simmentals and mules (1.72%). The highest dilution was 1:100 for pomona and the lowest was for canicola. All animals responded positively to grippotyphosa. The highest infection to one serovar was in Holsteins and the lowest for four serovars were in goats and Simmentals. Males less than 1.5 years old showed the highest infection. Age differences in leptospira infection except for sheep was significant. In conclusion, leptospira infection in ruminants was high compared to equines. Gender differences were not significant. The highest dilution was 1:100, with pomona in ruminants and grippotyphosa in all species. Leptospiral infection was increased with age and the differences among animals except for sheep were significant. Finally, regarding 22.30% infection rate, vaccination is necessary to Holsteins, and preventive measures for others. Health advices would be necessary for human safety.

Keywords

Age
Gender
Leptospirosis
Livestock
Pomona
  1. Fávero JF, de Araújo HL, Lilenbaum W, et al. Bovine leptospirosis: Prevalence, associated risk factors for infection and their cause-effect relation. Microb Pathog 2017; 107: 149-154.
  2. Mgode GF, Mhamphi GG, Massawe AW, et al. Leptospira seropositivity in humans, livestock and wild animals in a semi-arid area of Tanzania. Pathogens 2021; 10(6): 696. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060696.
  3. Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 387: 99-137.
  4. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, et al. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18(5): 376-386.
  5. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C, et al. Leptospira and leptospirosis. 2nd Melbourne, Australia: Medisci Press 1999; 249-273.
  6. Abdollahpour G, Shafighi ST, Sattari Tabrizi S. Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle in North of Iran, Gilan. Int J Vet Res 2009; 3(1): 7-10.
  7. Chadsuthi S, Chalvet-Monfray K, Wiratsudakul A, et al. A remotely sensed flooding indicator associated with cattle and buffalo leptospirosis cases in Thailand 2011-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18(1):602. doi:10.1186/ s12879-018-3537-3.
  8. Tolouei M. Prevalence of serum antibodies against six leptospira serovars in buffaloes in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran. J Buffalo Sci 2014; 3(3): 76-81.
  9. Ijaz A, Ghaffar A, Ali A, et al. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and its association with reproductive and productive parameters from buffalo population of Rajanpur and Muzaffargarh districts of Pakistan. The J Anim Plant Sci 2020: 30(1): 1-7.
  10. Vihol Priti D, Patel Jignesh M, Patel Jatin H, et al. Serological and clinicopathological studies on leptospirosis among sheep. J Anim Res 2016; 6(4): 571-577.
  11. Zakeri S, Khorami N, Ganji ZF, et al. Leptospira wolffii, a potential new pathogenic Leptospira species detected in human, sheep and dog. Infect Gent Evol 2010; 10(2): 273-277.
  12. Lilenbaum W, Varges R, Ristow P, et al. Identification of Leptospira carriers among seroreactive goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87(1): 16-19.
  13. Hassanpour A, Asgarloo S, Imandar M, et al. Seroepidemiologic study of goats leptospirosis in Khoy-Iran. J Anim Vet Adv 2012; 11(2): 229-233.
  14. Khalili M, Sakhaee E, Bagheri Amiri F, et al. Serological evidence of leptospirosis in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 138, 103833. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103833.
  15. Dewes C, Fortes TP, Batista Machado G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with equine leptospirosis in an endemic urban area in Southern Brazil. Braz J Dev 2020; 6(8). 58380-58390.
  16. Ye C, Yan W, McDonough PL, et al. Serodiagnosis of equine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay using four recombinant protein markers. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 12(4): 478-483.
  17. Mullan S, Panwala TH, Polymerase chain reaction: an important tool for early diagnosis of leptospirosis cases. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10(12): DC08-DC11.
  18. Shivakumar S, Krishnakumar B, Diagnosis of leptospirosis - - role of MAT. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006; 54. 338-339.
  19. Rajeev S, Berghaus RD, Overton MW, et al. Comparison of fluorescent antibody and microscopic agglutination testing for Leptospira in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22(1): 51-54.
  20. da Silva JD, Viana MP, Lima Pereira Calado LG, et al. Cross-sectional survey for sheep leptospirosis in the northeast region of Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197 105525. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105525.
  21. Viana MP, da Silva JD, César Lima AM, et al. Epidemiological and geospatial characterization of goat leptospirosis in Northeast region of Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2022; 206, 106589. doi: 10.1016/j.small rumres.2021.106589.
  22. Wood PL, Steinman M, Erol E, et al. Lipidomic analysis of immune activation in equine leptospirosis and Leptospira-vaccinated horses. PLoS One 2018; 13(2): e0193424. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193424.
  23. Allan KJ, Biggs HM, Halliday JEB, et al. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Africa: a systematic review of a neglected zoonosis and a paradigm for 'One Health' in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9(9): e0003899. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899.
  24. Shrestha R, McKenzie JS, Gautam M, et al. Determinants of clinical leptospirosis in Nepal. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65(8): 972-983.
  25. Hamond C, Pestana CP, Medeiros MA, et al. Genotyping of Leptospira directly in urine samples of cattle demonstrates a diversity of species and strains in Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144(1): 72-75.
  26. De Olivera D, Figueira CP, Zhan L, et al. Leptospira in breast tissue and milk of urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144(11): 2420-2429.
  27. Haji Hajikolaei MR, Ghorbanpour M., Gharibi D, et al. Serologic study on leptospiral infection in sheep in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Iran J Vet Res 2007; 8(4): 333-336.
  28. Martins G, Lilenbaum Control of bovine leptospirosis: Aspects for consideration in a tropical environment. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112: 156-160.
  29. Casanovas-Massana A, Pedra GG, Wunder EA, et al. Quantification of Leptospira interrogans survival in soil and water microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84(13): e00507-18. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00507-18.
  30. Haji Hajikolaei MR, Ghorbanpour NM, Abdolahpour GR, Serological study of leptospirosis in cattle in Ahwaz. J Vet Res 2005; 60(1): 7-14.
  31. Tooloei M, Abdollapour GR, Karimi H, et al. Prevalence of serum antibodies against six Leptospira serovars in sheep in Tabriz, Northwestern Iran. J Anim Vet Adv 2008; 7(4): 450-455.
  32. Rezaei S, Haji Hajikolaei MR, Ghadrdan Mashhadi AR, et al. Comparison of Leptospira interrogans infection in the goats and Iran J Vet Med 2016; 10(2): 113-119.
  33. Maleki S, Zakian A, Abdollahpour GR. Seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in equids of Lorestan province: Investigation the role of probable risk factors. Iran Vet J 2021; 16(4):108-118.
  34. Balamurugan V, Thirumalesh SR, Sridevi R, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine Leptospirosis in Odisha, India. World J Vet Sci 2013; 1: 1-7.
  35. Patel JM, Vihol PD, Dabas VS, et al. Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in buffaloes of south Gujarat, India. Buffalo Bull 2016; 35(3). 383-388.
  36. Chandan L, Vinod KK, Vimal RR, et al. Trend in the seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among cattle and goat populations of South Andaman. Indian J Vet Res 2017; 26(1): 37-40.
  37. Tagliabue S, Figarolli BM, D’Incau M, et al. Serological surveillance of Leptospirosis in Italy: two-year national data (2010‑2011). Vet Ital 2016; 52(2): 129-138.
  38. Simbizi V, Saulez MN, Potts A, et al. A study of leptospirosis in South African horses and associated risk factors, Prev Vet Med 2016; 134: 6-15.
  39. Fagre AC, Mayo CE, Pabilonia KL, et al. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Colorado equids and association with clinical disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32(5): 718-721.
  40. Jansen A, Stark K, Schneider T, et al. Sex differences in clinical leptospirosis in Germany: 1997-2005. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(9): e69-e72.
  41. Goris MGA, Boer KR, Duarte TAT, et al. Human leptospirosis trends, the Netherlands, 1925-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(3): 371-378.
  42. Johnson MAS, Smith H, Joseph P, et al. Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10(6): 1016-1022.
  43. Patel JM, Vihol PD, Raval JK, et al. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in clinically ailing bovine. J Anim Res 2015; 5(1): 31-35.
  44. Shafighi T, Abdollahpour G, Zahraei Salehi T, et al. Serological and bacteriological study of leptospirosis in slaughtered cattle in north of Iran (Rasht). Afr J Microbiol Res 2010; 4(20): 2118-2121.
  45. Agrawal R, Kumar M, Kumar M, et al. Epidemiological pattern of leptospirosis in livestock of Uttaranchal state. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 2005; 26(2): 109-113.
Veterinary Research Forum
Volume 14, Issue 4
April 2023
Pages 229-235

  • Receive Date 09 January 2022
  • Revise Date 01 March 2022
  • Accept Date 18 May 2022

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us