Veterinary Research Forum
Vet Res Forum

Echocardiographic indices probe during dexmedetomidine/midazolam - ketamine anesthesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Anju Poonia 1
Deepak Kumar Tiwari 2
Sandeep Sahara 3
Neeraj Arora 2
Gaurav Kumar 4
Tarun Kumar 3

1 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ludhiana, India

2 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India

3 Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India

4 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rampura Phul, India

https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2024.2019897.4130
Abstract
Cardiovascular and respiratory alterations during anesthesia are of major concern in canines. Thus, it is essential to understand the potential depressant effects of anesthetic drugs on cardio-vascular system; so that, anesthetic procedures are conducted in the best possible way. The objective of the study was to assess and compare the echocardiographic indices during dex-medetomidine and midazolam anesthesia in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-eight female dogs brought to the department for elective ovariohysterectomy were randomly divided into two groups comprising of 14 each. Sedation was achieved with dex-medetomidine and GMID. Physiological parameters and echocardiographic indices were evaluated before drug administration (T0), after 10 min of sedation (T1), after induction (T2) and at the end of surgery (T3) in both groups. Heart rate was significantly higher at T1, T2 and T3; while, rectal temperature was significantly lower at T3 in GMID compared to the GDEX. There was a significant decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output values at T1 and then, a significant increase at T2; whereas, there was a non-significant decrease at T3 in both groups. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening values decreased significantly at T1, increased significantly at T2 and then, decreased significantly at the end of surgery (T3). Dexmedetomidine-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine combinations provide better hemodynamic and respiratory stability in the dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Systolic functions were minimally altered with GMID compared to GDEX. Thus, GMID is more cardio stable compared to GDEX.

Keywords

Dexmedetomidine
Dogs
Echocardiography
Ketamine
Midazolam

Subjects

  1. Fernández-Parra R, Tissier R, Alvarado MP, et al. Conventional and advanced echocardiographic assessment of systolic function in dogs sedated with dexmedetomidine or acepromazine. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141: 129-137.
  2. Chabot-Doré AJ, Schuster DJ, Stone LS, et al. Analgesic synergy between opioid and α2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172(2): 388-402.
  3. Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Partial intravenous anesthesia in the horse: a review of intra-venous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42(1): 1-16.
  4. Monteiro ER, Nunes-Junior JS, Bressan TF. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of a combination of acepromazine with morphine and midazolam on sedation, cardiovascular variables and the propofol dose requirements for induction of anesthesia in dogs. Vet J 2014; 200(1): 157-161.
  5. Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med 2011; 57(5): 449-461.
  6. Redondo JI, Rubio M, Soler G, et al. Normal values and incidence of cardiorespiratory complications in dogs during general anesthesia. A review of 1281 cases. Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2007; 54(9): 470-477.
  7. Bille C, Auvigne V, Bomassi E, et al. An evidence-based medicine approach to small animal anesthetic mortality in a referral practice: the influence of initiating three recommendations on subsequent anesthetic deaths. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41(3): 249-258.
  8. Baumgartner C, Bollerhey M, Ebner J, et al. Effects of ketamine-xylazine intravenous bolus injection on cardiovascular function in rabbits. Can J Vet Res 2010; 74(3): 200-208.
  9. Gugjoo MB, Hoque M, Saxena AC, et al. Radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features of dilatation cardiomyopathy in dogs. Indian Vet J 2013; 90(12): 19-22.
  10. Howe LM. Current perspectives on the optimal age to spay/castrate dogs and cats. Vet Med (Auckl) 2015; 6: 171-180.
  11. Alvaides RK, Neto FJ, Aguiar AJ, et al. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of acepromazine or atropine given before dexmedetomidine in dogs. Vet Rec 2008; 162(26): 852-856.
  12. Yoo JH, Lee CH, Kim WH, et al. Anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol as infusion and induction anesthesia in dogs. Korean J Vet Res 2002; 42(1): 123-130.
  13. Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, Bednarski RM, et al. Handbook of veterinary anesthesia. 4th St. Louis, USA: Mosby Elsevier 2007; 23-50.
  14. Murdock MA, Riccó Pereira CH, Aarnes TK, et al. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81(1): 65-76.
  15. Hardie EM, Lukasik VM. Orthopedic patients. In: Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA (eds). Lumb and Jones veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4th Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing Professional 2007; 1009-1019.
  16. Kellihan HB, Stepien RL, Hassen KM, et al. Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17(4): 282-292.
  17. Schroeder CA, Smith LJ. Respiratory rates and arterial blood-gas tensions in healthy rabbits given buprenorphine, butorphanol, midazolam, or their combinations. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2011; 50(2): 205-211.
  18. Seo JI, Han SH, Choi R, et al. Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of the combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone in Beagle dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42(3): 304-308.
  19. Virtanen R. Pharmacological profiles of medetomidine and its antagonist, atipamezole. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1989, 85: 29-37.
  20. Butola V, Singh B. Midazolam as tranquilizer in dogs. Indian Vet J 2007; 84(11): 1141-1145.
  21. Rafee MA, Kinjavdekar P, Amarpal, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine with or without butorphanol on the clinic-physiological and haemodynamic stability in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy in midazolam and ketamine anesthesia. Int J Sci Res Pub 2018; 5(5): 1-7.
  22. Chang C, Uchiyama A, Ma L, et al. A comparison of the effects on respiratory carbon dioxide response, arterial blood pressure and heart rate of dexmedetomidine, propofol and midazolam in sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Anaesth Analg 2009; 109(1): 84-89.
  23. Wang HC, Hung CT, Lee WM, et al. Effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on cardiac characteristics measured using radiography and echocardiography in six healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57(1): 8-15.
  24. Congdon JM, Marquez M, Niyom S, et al. Evaluation of the sedative and cardiovascular effects of intra-muscular administration of dexmedetomidine with and without concurrent atropine administration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239(1): 81-89.
  25. Murrell JC, Hellebrekers LJ. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2005; 32(3): 117-127.
  26. Saponaro V, Crovace A, De Marzo L, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, acepromazine and their combination in healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95(2): 687-692.
  27. Keating S, Kerr C, McDonell W, et al. Effects of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine on fentanyl disposition in dogs during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43(1): 35-43.
  28. Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med 2012; 21(1): 7-16.
  29. Otto CM. The practice of clinical echocardiography. 6th Philadelpia, USA: Elsevier/Saunders Health Sciences 2021; 942.
  30. Possidonio G, Santos CA, Ferreira MA, et al. Echocardio- graphic assessment of healthy midazolam/ butorphanol or midazolam/morphine-sedated dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45: 100553. doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100553.
  31. Roth DM, Swaney JS, Dalton ND, et al. Impact of anesthesia on cardiac function during echocardiography in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282(6): H2134-H2140.
Veterinary Research Forum
Volume 15, Issue 11
November 2024
Pages 591-597

  • Receive Date 08 January 2024
  • Revise Date 09 April 2024
  • Accept Date 07 May 2024

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us