Veterinary Research Forum
Vet Res Forum

Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in cattle and buffaloes in the border provinces of the Eastern Anatolia region, Türkiye: insights into the eradication of infection

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ali Riza Babaoglu 1
Fatma Ertas Oguz 2
Volkan Yilmaz 3
Nuvit Coskun 3
Fatima Abounaaja 1

1 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye

2 Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Tuzluca Vocational School, Igdir University, Igdir, Türkiye

3 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye

https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2024.2026460.4233
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, an oncogenic deltaretrovirus that has emerged as a potential zoonotic infection. The BLV naturally infects cattle and causes economic losses through a slow persistent infection with various clinical symtoms following preleukosis. The main objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the border provinces of the Eastern Anatolia region, Türkiye, using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay and  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For this purpose, a total of 1,033 serum samples were collected from 982 cattle and 51 buffaloes from the provinces of Ağrı (n = 178), Iğdır (n = 252), Kars (n = 317), Van (n = 221), and Hakkari (n = 65) during 2021 - 2022. In AGID and ELISA tests, seropositivity for BLV-specific antibodies was not detected in cattle and buffaloes from the mentioned provinces. This study revealed that BLV was not circulating in cattle and buffaloes in the easternmost border provinces of Türkiye during the sampling period and contributed to determine the status of BLV in the mentioned region. Due to the presence of virus in other regions of Türkiye and neighboring countries, Iran and Iraq, it is recommended to control animal movements, continue efforts to combat the transmission of the virus, and maintain control measures.

Keywords

Agar gel immunodiffusion
Bovine leukemia virus
Buffalo
Cattle
ELISA

Subjects

  1. Aida Y, Murakami H, Takagashi M, et al. Mechanisms of pathogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus as a model for human T-cell leukemia virus. Front Microbiol 2013; 4: 328. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00328.
  2. Nishimori A, Konnai S, Ikebuchi R, et al. Direct polymerase chain reaction from blood and tissue samples for rapid diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78(5): 791-796.
  3. Juliarena MA, Barrios CN, Lützelschwab CM, et al. Bovine leukemia virus: current perspectives. Virus Adapt Treat 2017; 9: 13-26.
  4. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) website. Enzootic bovine leukosis. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. 12th 2023. Available at: https://www. woah.org/fileadmin/ Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.04.09_EBL.pdf. Accesed Feb 10, 2024.
  5. Selim A, Megahed AA, Kandeel S, et al. Risk factor analysis of bovine leukemia virus infection in dairy cattle in Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72: 101517. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.101517.
  6. Olaya-Galán NN, Salas-Cárdenas SP, Rodriguez-Sarmiento JL, et al. Risk factor for breast cancer development under exposure to bovine leukemia virus in Colombian women: a case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16(9): e0257492. doi: 10.1371/ journal. pone.0257492.
  7. Khan Z, Abubakar M, Arshed MJ, et al. Molecular investigation of possible relationships concerning bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer. Sci Rep 12(1): 4161. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08181-5.
  8. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: ICTV website. Retroviridae, Deltaretrovirus. Available at: https://ictv.global/report/chapter/retroviridae/ retroviridae/deltaretrovirus. Accessed Jan 12, 2024.
  9. Schwartz I, Bensaid A, Polack B, et al. In vivo leukocyte tropism of bovine leukemia virus in sheep and cattle. J Virol 1994; 68(7): 4589-4596.
  10. Tanaka AS, Komuro K. Targeted rearrangement of a chromosomal repeat sequence by transfection of a homologous DNA sequence using purified integrase. Gene Ther 2005; 12(9): 783-794.
  11. Jacobs RM, Pollari FL, McNab WB, et al. A serological survey of bovine syncytial virus in Ontario: associations with bovine leukemia and immuno-deficiency-like viruses, production records, and management practices. Can J Vet Res 1995; 59(4): 271-278.
  12. Dogan F, Bilge Dagalp S, Dik B, et al. Detection of genotype 1 bovine leukemia virus from a schultzei pool: Do Culicoides spp. has a role on the transmission of bovine leukemia virus? Infect Genet Evol 2020; 85: 104469. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104469.
  13. Nava Z, Obando C, Molina M, et al. Seroprevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with clinical signs and risk factors in dairy herds from Barinas State, Venezuela [Spanish]. Rev Fac Cienc Vet 2011; 52(1): 13-23.
  14. Selim A, Marawan MA, Ali AF, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in cattle, buffalo, and camel in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52(3): 1207-1210.
  15. Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, et al. Bovine leukaemia virus: current epidemiological circumstance and future prospective. Viruses 2021; 13(11): 2167. doi:10.3390/v13112167.
  16. Hakioğlu F. The first report of haematological research on leukosis in Karacabey stud cattle [Turkish]. Turk Vet Dern Derg 1962; 186-187.
  17. Burgu I, Alkan F, Karaoglu T, et al. Control and eradication programme of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) from selected dairy herds in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2005; 12(7): 271-274.
  18. Kale M, Bulut O, Yapkic O, et al. Effects of subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection on some production parameters in a dairy farm in southern Turkey. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2007; 78(3): 130-132.
  19. Avci O, Bulut O, Yapici O, et al. Investigation of bovine leukosis virus ınfection in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA [Turkish]. Erciyes Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 10(3): 171-176.
  20. Acar A, Gür S. A serological investigation of enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBLV) infection in cattle in Afyonkarahisar Province [Turkish]. Kocatepe Vet J 2013; 6(1): 33-40.
  21. Şimşek A, Gürcay M, Parmaksız A, et al. Investigation of the role of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), bovine viral diare (BVD), ınfectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and blue tongue (BT) ınfections in digestive and respiratory system problems of cattle in Diyarbakir region [Turkish]. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2017; 10(1): 13-18.
  22. Çabalar M, Voyvoda H, Sekin S. Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) seroprevalence in dairy cattle in eastern and south-eastern Anatolia region. In Proceedings: 4th international congress on internal medicine. Konya, Turkey 2001; 180-183.
  23. Özgünlük İ, Yildirim Y, Alkan F. The seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in cattle housed in private farms in GAP region in Turkey [Turkish]. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2005; 52: 109-112.
  24. Yildirim Y, Burgu I. The seroprevalence of bluetongue (BT), IBR, PI-3, EBL and BVD infections in cattle in northeastern Anatolia [Turkish]. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2005; 52: 113-117.
  25. Yildirim Y, Yilmaz V, Otlu S, et al. The seroprevalance of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in imported-breed cattle in Kars district in Turkey [Turkish]. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2008; 14(1): 99-103.
  26. Ayvazoğlu C, Akyüz E, Kızıltepe Ş, et al. The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle in Ardahan region. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech 2021; 7(1): 1-7.
  27. Sökmen A, Babaoğlu AR. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus ınfection in cattle in Muş Province, Türkiye. TURJAF 2023; 11(10): 1878-1881.
  28. Chung YS, Rogers RJ, Dimmock CK. Enzootic bovine leucosis. In: Pathology, virology and serology. Australian standard diagnostic techniques for animal disease. East Melbourne, Australia: Australian Agricultural Council 1984; 49.
  29. European Commission website. Commission Decision of 15 December 2009 amending Annex D to Council Directive 64/432/EEC as regards the diagnostic tests for enzootic bovine leucosis (2009/976/EU). OJEU 2009; 336: 36-41. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2009. 336.01.0036.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A2009%3A336%3ATOC. Accessed Feb 10, 2023.
  30. Mousavi S, Haghparast A, Mohammadi G. et al. Pre-valence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in the northeast of Iran. Vet Res Forum 2014; 5(2): 135-139.
  31. Kazemimanesh M, Madadgar O, Mahzoonieh MR, et al. Serological study on bovine leukemia virus ınfection in ten provinces of Iran between 2010 and 2012. Iran J Virol 2012; 6(3): 1-7.
  32. Morovati H, Shirvani E, Noaman V, et al. Sero-prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle in Isfahan Province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44(6): 1127-1129.
  33. Khudhair YI, Hasso SA, Yaseen NY, et al. Serological and molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle in Iraq. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5(6): e56. doi:10.1038/emi.2016.60.
  34. Wikipedia. Eastern Anatolia Region. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_ Accessed Jan 10, 2022.
  35. Bartlett PC, Sordillo LM, Byrem TM, et al. Options for the control of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244(8): 914-922.
  36. Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, et al. The global epidemiology of bovine leukemiavirus: current trends and future ımplications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14(2): 297. doi:10.3390/ani14020297.
  37. Alkan F, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Timurkan MO, et al. Characterisation of env and gag gene fragments of bovine leukemia viruses (BLVs) from cattle in Turkey. Arch Virol 2011; 156(10): 1891-1896.
  38. Ataseven VS, Kanat Ö, Ergün Y. Molecular identification of bovine papillomaviruses in dairy and beef cattle: first description of Xi-and Epsilon papillomavirus in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2016; 40: 757-763.
  39. Alkan F, Karayel-Hacioglu I, Duran-Yelken S, et al. The genotype determination and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in Turkey. Vet Arhiv 2021; 91(3): 237-247.
  40. Duran-Yelken S, Alkan F. Molecular analysis of the env, LTR, and pX regions of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle of Türkiye. Virus Genes 2024; 60(2): 173-185.
  41. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Veterinary medicine: A text book of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. 10th Maryland, USA: Saunders 2007; 2065.
  42. Khatami A, Pormohammad A, Farzi R, et al. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15: 48. doi: 10.1186/s13027-020-00314-7.
  43. Gao A, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Bovine leukemia virus relation to human breast cancer: meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149: 104417. doi: 10.1016/ j.micpath.2020.104417.
  44. Giovanna M, Carlos U, María U, et al. Bovine leukemia virus gene segment detected in human breast tissue. Open J Med Microbiol 2013; 3(1): 84-90.
  45. Buehring GC, DeLaney A, Shen H, et al. Bovine leukemia virus discovered in human blood. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19(1): 297. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3891-9.
  46. Zhang R, Jiang J, Sun W, et al. Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18(1): 101. doi: 10.1186/s13058-016-0763-8.
Veterinary Research Forum
Volume 15, Issue 11
November 2024
Pages 599-604

  • Receive Date 22 April 2024
  • Revise Date 09 July 2024
  • Accept Date 14 August 2024

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us