1. de Vries HJC, Schallig HD. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23(6): 823-840.
2. Farina JM, García-Martínez CE, Saldarriaga C, et al. Leishmaniasis and heart. Arch Cardiol Méx 2022; 92(1): 85-93.
3. Bessa IA, D’Amato DL, Souza AB, et al. Innovating leishmaniasis treatment: a critical chemist’s review of inorganic nanomaterials. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10(8): 2485-2506.
4. Tan Y, El-Kersh K, Watson SE, et al. Cardiovascular effects of environmental metal antimony: redox dyshomeostasis as the key pathogenic driver. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38(10-12): 803-823.
5. Ruiz-Postigo JA, Jain S. Pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of human leishmaniasis. In: Filella M (Ed). Antimony. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter 2021; 303-317.
6. Cruz MGFdML, Santi AMM, Morais-Teixeira Ed, et al. Anti-Leishmania compounds can be screened using Leishmania spp. expressing red fluorescence (tdTomato). Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2024; 68(1): e0050923. doi: 10.1128/aac.00509-23.
7. Derakhshani A, Sharifi I, Salarkia E, et al. Antileishmanial potentials of azacitidine and along with meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania major: In silico prediction and in vitro analysis. Plos One 2023; 18(9): e291321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291321.
8. Abdellahi L, Iraji F, Mahmoudabadi A, et al. Vaccination in leishmaniasis: a review article. Iran Biomed J 2021; 26(1): 1-35.
9. Zhu Z, Zhao S, Wang C. β-Carboline alkaloids from Peganum harmala inhibit Fusarium oxysporum from Codonopsis radix through damaging the cell membrane and inducing ROS accumulation. Pathogens 2022; 11(11): 1341. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111341.
10. Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, et al. Peganum spp.: a comprehensive review on bioactivities and health‐enhancing effects and their potential for the formulation of functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021: 5900422. doi: 10.1155/2021/5900422.
11. Stepanova AY, Malunova MV, Gladkov EA, et al. Collection of hairy roots as a basis for fundamental and applied research. Molecules 2022; 27(22): 8040. doi: 10.3390/molecules27228040.
12. Beltagy DM, Gamal Abdelsalam K, Mohamed TM, et al. Role of harmaline as adiponectin modulator in defeating liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide in mice. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021; 14(1): 123-131.
13. Alijanpour S, Ghasemzadeh Z, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, et al. Basolateral amygdala cannabinoid CB1 receptors mediate the antinociceptive activity of harmaline in adolescent male mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 254: 113886. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113886.
14. Hoseinynejad K, Ghoulipour M, Nejad dehbashi F, et al. Harmaline improves oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in human lung epithelial cells exposed to elastase. Pathobiol Res 2024; 27(2): 23-32
15. Timbilla AA, Vrabec R, Havelek R, et al. The anticancer properties of harmine and its derivatives. Phytochem Rev 2025; 24: 1535-1564.
16. Carreira DSS, Sato CE, Silva WBD, et al. In vitro anti-parasitic effect of the alkaloids harmaline and piperine on Toxoplasma gondii. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2024; 33(3): e001824. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612024053.
17. Wang N, An J, Zhang Z, et al. The antimicrobial activity and characterization of bioactive compounds in Peganum harmala L. based on HPLC and HS-SPME-GC-MS. Fronts Microbiol 2022; 13: 916371. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916371.
18. Hegazy A, Mahmoud SH, Elshaier YAMM, et al. Antiviral activities of plant-derived indole and β-carboline alkaloids against human and avian influenza viruses. Sci Rep 2023; 13(1): 1612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27954-0.
19. Ibraheem ZO. Antibacterial and oxacillin resistance reversing effect of harmaline in different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Al-Anbar Med J 2025; 2(1): 61-66.
20. Hassan AA, Khalid HE, Efferth T, et al. A perspective review on the alkaloids as potential sources for development of new bioactive compounds against leishmania parasites. An update for the years 1990 to 2022. Indo Am J Pharm Sci 2023; 13(1): 584-601
21. Tshikhudo PP, Mabhaudhi T, Koorbanally NA, et al. Anticancer potential of β‐carboline alkaloids: an updated mechanistic overview. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21(2): e202301263. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202301263.
22. Senhaji S, Lamchouri F, Akabli T, et al. In vitro antioxidant activities of five β-carboline alkaloids, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations. Struct Chem 2022; 33: 883-895.
23. Liu Y, Liu H, Li S, et al. Synthesis of harmaline N-9 derivatives and investigation of in vitro anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2025; 119: 130106. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130106.
24. Shariat Razavi SA, Taghdisi Khaboushan M, Jafari R, et al. Harmaline induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in A2780 ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Physiol Rep 2024; 12(6): e15984. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15984.
25. Mwamafupa A, Arora P, Singh J, et al. Discovery of β-carboline based derivatives through computational aid for the treatment of Leishmania. Curr Signal Transduct Ther 2024; 19(1): 29-47.
26. Vahedi MM, Shahini A, Mottahedi M, et al. Harmaline exerts potentially anti-cancer effects on U-87 human malignant glioblastoma cells in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50(5): 4357-4366.
27. Shahsavari S, Sharifi I, Salarkia E, et al. In silico and experimental potentials of 6-shogaol and meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania major: multiple synergistic combinations through modulation of biological properties. Immunol Res 2024; 72(6): 1313-1326.
28. Moncada-Diaz MJ, Rodríguez-Almonacid CC, Quiceno-Giraldo E, et al. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Leishmania spp. Pathogens 2024; 13(10): 835. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13100835.
29. Volpedo G, Huston RH, Holcomb EA, et al. From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20(11): 1431-1446.
30. World Health Organization. Operational manual on leishmaniasis vector control, surveillance, monitoring and evaluation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2023.
31. Majumder N, Banerjee A, Saha S. A review on new natural and synthetic anti-leishmanial chemo-therapeutic agents and current perspective of treatment approaches. Acta Trop 2023; 240: 106846. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106846.
32. van Griensven J, Dorlo TP, Diro E, et al. The status of combination therapy for visceral leishmaniasis: an updated review. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24(1): e36-e46.
33. Khamesipour F, Khamesipour A, Hejazi SH, et al. In vitro assessment of Dracocephalum lindbergii for growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and cytokine modulation against Leishmania major. Heliyon 2024; 10(19): e38331. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38331.
34. Verçosa BLA, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Mineiro ALBB, et al. Enhanced apoptotic index in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrate showed positive correlation with hepatic lesion intensity, parasite load, and clinical status in naturally Leishmania-infected dogs. Microb Pathog 2023; 181: 106194. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106194.
35. Di Giorgio C, Delmas F, Ollivier E, et al. In vitro activity of the beta-carboline alkaloids harmane, harmine, and harmaline toward parasites of the species Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2004; 106(3-4): 67-74.
36. Lala S, Pramanick S, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Harmine: evaluation of its antileishmanial properties in various vesicular delivery systems. J Drug Target 2004; 12(3): 165-175.
37. de Souza ML, Dos Santos WM, de Sousa ALMD, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: new oral therapeutic approaches under development. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61(1): 89-98.
38. Bezemer JM, van der Ende J, Limpens J, et al. Safety and efficacy of allylamines in the treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16(4): e0249628. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249628.
39. Naik N, Kaushal RS, Upadhyay TKU, et al. Role of natural plant extracts for potential antileishmanial targets-in-depth review of the molecular mechanism. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2022; 68(10): 117-123.
40. Goswami RP, Rahman M, Das S, et al. Combination therapy against Indian visceral Leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B (FungisomeTM) and short-course miltefosine in comparison to miltefosine mono- therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1): 308-314.
41. Husein‐ElAhmed H, Gieler U, Steinhoff M. Evidence supporting the enhanced efficacy of pentavalent antimonials with adjuvant therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34(10): 2216-2228.
